وليد جليل عبد الكلابي

ABSTRACT Introduction and Aim: An extract of the lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis has been found to be extremely useful in antimicrobial applications. Specifically, the goal of this study is to manufacture lipopeptide and assess the safety of this substance on the tissues and organs of laboratory rats. Materials and Methods: Bacillus subtilis bacteria were isolated and identified at the postgraduate microbiology laboratory in the department of biology at Kufa University's College of Science. The bacteria became active after 24 hours of growth in the brain broth infusion broth medium. In order to determine the bacteria's capacity to produce lipopeptide. On nutrient agar medium, a quantity of lipopeptide was synthesized utilizing HCL for sediment, yielding an estimated amount of 1.5 gm during a two-month period, then the product was partially purified and lyophilized using a lyophilizer. For one week, the lipopeptide was administered on albino rat tissues such as the kidney, liver, spleen, and small intestine to determine its safety. Results: The results showed no damage or any changes on tested tissues compared with control treatment and all of the previously mentioned organ tissues were completely intact and this is evidence of the safety of the lipopeptide extract for use. Conclusions: It was discovered that lipopeptide had no effect on the organs that were utilized in the experiment and that it is safe for human consumption. Keywords- Bacillus subtilis, Lipopeptide, Albino rats

ABSTRACT: Chemical reduction process was used to prepare CaO nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) with 46nmaverage crystallite size. This study was intended to estimate the effect of calcium oxide nano-particles on weights of the body, liver and spleen and on blood biochemical changes in liver of malerats. The male rats were randomly grouped into two groups (the experimental and the control groups n=3), both groups were orally managed with (25,50and100) mg/kg from the body weight of Calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaO-NPs) for 60 days. Blood sample and plasma were collected at the end of the study. The effect of CaO-NPs were assessed by the changes on the weights of (body, liver and spleen) and of blood biochemical parameters, such as, Cholesterol, Triglycerids (TG), High density lipoprotein (HDL), Low density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). In this study, a new antilipidemic Calcium oxide nano-particles was synthesized and assessed for perfected lipid parameters of CaO nanoparticles.

proteins, glycoproteins, transmembrane, and soluble proteins. These proteins might play a role in sperm activity. It might also be related to the behaviour of sperm during the formation process in testis and migration of sperm via the male reproductive tract and also inside the female reproductive tract after mating and fertilization. Interestingly, gel bands had more abundance of protein compared to the whole lysate, which disappeared fewer proteins. Through combing both methods, it was observed that bovine sperm had several proteins which should be investigated in future studies to understand more about the metabolism and physiology of sperm. In conclusion, this study approved that bovine sperm has essential different and uncharacterized proteins which might answer many theoretical aspects of biological and biochemical sperm migrations after the mating process.

Abstract Microscopic and biometric exploration of the testis in ten of the healthy mature rams and buck choose from AL-Najaf slaughter house. Which anticipation to support the future studies and clinical purposes of the biology of the reproductive system. Testicular histological technique civilized then. Microstructures, histodimentions, were recorded then discussed between two target species. Testicular surrounded by thick sheet of dense irregular connective tissue, tunica albuginea. The last secured by a visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis. The mean thickness in these tunics of an adult ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). The parenchyma was subdivide into lobules by septae extend from mediastinum testis toward tunica albuginea. Each lobule of the two target species contain tortuous seminiferous tubule. Interstitial connective tissue surround each tubule contain blood vessels, fibroblasts loose connective tissue cells, and leydig cells. The mean number, diameter of leydig cells and their nuclei in microscopic fields in ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). Sertoli cells pyramidal shaped with ovoid nuclei mean diameter of Sertoli cells in ram and buck differed significantly (P≤0.05). Spermatogonia located near the basal membrane, Mean diameter of Spermatogonia, in ram and buck differed significantly (p≤0.05). Large primary spermatocytes with large rounded nuclei with coarse clumps of chromatin mean diameter in two species differed significantly (p≤0.05). Secondary spermatocytes smaller than primary. Small spermatids were rounded. Mature one characterized to elongate. Seminiferous tubule continuous as straight tubules with rete testis tubules lined by simple squamous epithelium. The later end with ductuli efferentes lined with tall ciliated columnar epithelium. Which continued into ductus epididymis lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Key words: Ram, Testes, Buck, Tunica albuginea, Spermatogonia, Sertoli cells. Introduction

testis lies in the inguinal region between the cranial surfaces of the thighs. The long testis axis almost matches that of the trunk. The testis outer shape in both ram and buck revealed the oval shape. The means of the weight, length, circumference, diameter, volume, and density for the left testicular of the ram and buck were (150.2 ± 33.8 gm and 140.9 ± 88.4 gm), (10.7 ± 1.90 cm and 9.8 ± 2.5 cm), (15.07 ± 1.22 cm and 9.05 ± 0.78 cm), (1.9 ± 0.4 cm and 1.9 ± 0.18 cm), (133.1 ± 15.9 ml and 125.9 ± 20.4 ml) and (1.13 ± 0.05 g/cm3 and 1.12 ± 12.3 g/cm3) respectively. While the means of the weight, length, circumference, diameter, volume, and density for the right testicular of the ram and buck were (154.1 ± 3.2 gm and 145.3 ± 14.3 gm), (10.13 ± 0.90 cm and 8.3 ± 1.9 cm), (16.09 ± 2.8 cm and 8.09 ± 1.5 cm), ( 2.2 ± 0.33 cm and 1.5 ± 1.22 cm), (121.89 ± 11.65 ml and 116.9 ± 16.37 ml) and (121.89 ± 11.65 ml and 116.9 ± 16.37 ml) respectively. Significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two species were observed in the means of weight, length circumference, diameter, volume, and density of testicles. However, no significant difference was seen in the biometric measurements of the left and right testicle of the ram. Meanwhile, testis volume and

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to determine the anatomical and histological structure of the salt glands in territorial lovebirds (Agapornis taranta). In this study used (15) adult birds, which divided in tow groups, the first group contains (5) birds used for anatomical study includes positon, shape, segmentation, weight and width. The second group includes (10) other birds used for histological study. Two types of stains were used. This study revealed that the lovebirds owns a pair of salt glands, It is well advanced located (left and right), anatomically the salt glands of lovebirds are situated in the supra orbital grooves of the frontal bones and covered by thine connective tissue membrane. The salt glands appear as crescent shape or narrow oval shape with anterior pointed part and posterior broad part. The mean weight (0.25± 0.22) gm. Its mean length gland (2.8 ± 0.47)mm and the mean width are (0.26± 0.88) mm. Histological examination revealed that the functional unit of the salt gland in form of secretory lobule which is represented a tubular structure that radiate around a central canal that drain in a mine duct which is lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium and leads to collecting duct that leads to anterior of the nasal cavity.

Abstract: The anatomical and histological study described the major organs (larynx, trachea and syrinx) of the respiratory system in the endogenous geese (Anser anser domesticus) and domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus), for making use in the study of the respiratory physiology, histopathology, the respiratory diseases diagnoses. Forty adult healthy birds were employed in the anatomical study, and twenty adult birds in the histological study,(Half male and the other female, in each part of the study). Birds were euthanized by the intramuscular injection of a combination of diazepam (Diazem-Deva) (2-4 mg/kg), ketamine HCl (20-60 mg/kg), the organs detected then the shape, position, dimensions of each specimens, and its components were recorded. Then the organs were dissected out and washed by normal saline solution, then were fixed immediately in 10% formalin, and then prepared for routine histological processing. 1- The morphometric study : A- The Larynx : The laryngeal mound in the domestic geese in this study appeared as obvious, preform-shaped elongated elevation rostrocaudally directed, apex directed rostrally and in the domestic fowl as a heart- shape. The larynx consisted of cricoid, arytenoid, procricoid cartilage. The results show the significant differences at (P < 0.05) in the length and thickness of cricoid and arytenoid cartilages and width of procricoid cartilage in ganders ( male ) and geese ( female) of domestic geese , while the signification between the cocks ( male ) III and hens ( female ) , was in the procricoid cartilages on the length and width , also in the width of arytenoid cartilages . B- The Trachea : Trachea appeared as a longitudinal tube made up of complete overlapping cartilaginous rings. The rings, the mean total length and mean total number of tracheal rings were (a27.2 ±1.2),( a136 ± 4.5),( b23.4 ±1.0),( b126 ±3.1),( c15.1 ± 0.8),( c120± 4.),( d11.7 ± 0.8),( d109± 5.2) in male and female of domestic geese and domestic fowl respectively . It is characterize by broad and narrow edges of cartilage. The tracheal rings have different diameters dorso-ventral (D.V.) and medio-lateral (M.L.) according to their location in cervical or thoracic parts of trachea. The study recorded the significant differences at (P < 0.05) in means of length, total number of tracheal rings and different diameters between two species and sex of two groups. The study elucidated the special osseous structure on tracheal geese called bulla tyminca extend from 93th-125th rings of trachea in the male and from 85th -114th rings of trachea in female. Moreover, it formed 2/3 from the cervical part and 1/3 from the thoracic part. C-The Syrinx: Syrinx was tracheobronchial in type composed of tracheo, intermediate, bronchoisyringeal and pessulus cartilages, medial and lateral vibrating membranes in both species and both sexes. IV The study recorded the significant differences at (P < 0.05) in the mean total length between male and female domestic geese only .Also, it showed signification of the mean total length, mean total number of rings and diameters of the tracheosyringeal and bronchosyringeal cartilages in domestic geese . 2-The histological study: The conducted air passages of respiratory passages lined by ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with mucus intraepithelial glands and goblet cells. Laryngeal mound is covered by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, and has large and small salivary glands A- The larynx : The study showed the histological structure of larynx as respiratory epithelial and mucus intraepithelial glands with goblet cells .The thickness of mucosa, sub mucosa and cartilages were signification at (P < 0.05) between ganders and geese only. In, addition the laryngeal cartilages were fully ossified in both species and both sexesv. B-The Trachea: The study refered to significant differences at (P < 0.05) in the thickness of epithelia, sub epithelia, cartilage and mean number of goblet cells between the ganders and geese only. The sub epithelia in domestic geese was a dense irregular connective tissue supported by fully ossified hyaline cartilage in cervical part in ganders only , while the sub mucosa in the domestic fowl was loose connective tissue . V The histological structure of bull tympinca may recorded significant differences at (P < 0.05) , in all parameters between male and female of domestic geese. C-The Syrinx: At the tracheosyringeal cartilages, the study referred to statically differences (P < 0.05), in thickness of epithelia, sub epithelia, cartilage, and mean number of goblet cells between male and female domestic geese. Moreover, the hyaline cartilage transform the fully ossified in ganders only, while it keep or change to partial ossified in geese and cocks . At the bronchosyringeal cartilage, the study recorded significant differences between ganders and geese in the thickness of epithelia and cartilage only, and the hyaline cartilage keeps the natural structure in the two groups and two sexes.

The present study was designed to investigate the anatomical features , histological structure of the penis and radiographic of the internal pattern of blood flow inside corpus cavernousun penis of small ruminants (Ram and Buck ) .our study include: 1- Anatomical study : One hundred specimens ( fifty specimens from each Ram and Buck ) healthy were taken from (2-5 ) years old animals . They were used in the anatomical study which included the description of the gross anatomy of penis , biometric study and cast from for the corpus cavernousun penis (C.C.P.) of both Ram and Buck . The anatomical results have showed that the penis of small ruminants is of fibroelastic type and it is cylindrical in shape which decreases in its diameter toward the glans .It has postscrotal segmiod flexure in the middle of its length. The penis of Ram and Buck consists of root , body and free part with glans penis . The results of biometric study have showed that the mean length of the penis in Ram was (20-34 cm) which mean (27cm) which was longer than the penis of Buck which its mean length was(18-30cm )which mean (24cm ) .The four separated regions length (L1-L4)of Ram penis was also longer than that of Buck penis . The dorso-ventrally and latero- laterally diameters of the four separated regions of Ram penis were larger than those of Buck . The cast form of the C.C.P. of Ram and Buck showed that the dorsal surface of cast appeared as spongy mass with irregular dorsal surface appear as granule- like swelling . The ventral surface of cast showed narrow deep urethral groove in Ram and shallow wide groove in Buck .The density of cast was un uniform along its length . The cross section of cast of different segments in the penis of Ram showed it had one dorsal canal started at the proximal end of proximal part of the body and ended in the middle of segmiod flexure and there were two ventral canals (left and right ) which they started from the proximal end of the segmiod flexure and passing throughout the entire length of the penis to end at the base of glans . While in Buck the cross section showed that there were two pairs of canals inside the C.C.P. arranged firstly as pair of adjacent dorsal canals originated at the proximal end of proximal part of penis and they saw in the cross section of the distal segments , that mean they passed along the penis to the base of glans .Secondly a pair of ventral canals ( left and right ) started at the proximal end of segmiod flexure . They appeared in the cross section of all distal segment that means they pass along the length of penis to the base of glans . 2-Histological study : Five penises from each Ram and Buck of (2-5) years old were taken . Histological specimens from (root, proximal part of body , segmiod flexure , distal part of body , free part , glans and urethral process were taken and fixed with 10 % formalin . Routine histological technique and stains were used . Slides of 5-6 μm were made and examined by a light microscope . The results of the histological study showed that the root is composed of two completely separated crura , each one consists of cavernous spaces surrounded by a thick tunica albuginea which was formed from an outer longitudinal layer and an inner circular layer . The inter crural septum distally disappears gradually to form one C.C.P. which composed cavernous specs separated by bundles of collagen fibers (trabeculea ) these cavernous spaces lined by simple endothelial cells . The corpus spongiusum penis (C.S.P. ) formed from large cavernous spaces , also lined by endothelial cells and it surrounded the urethra . The urethra was lined with transitional epithelium throughout its length and it changes into stratified sequmous epithelium at the middle of urethral process and become keratinized stratified sequmous epithelium at the external urethral orifice on the tip of the urethral process . 3-Radiological study : Ten penises (five from each Ram and Buck )were used to investigate the internal pattern of the C.C.P. for blood movement inside C.C.P. during erection that was done by injecting contrast medium through the crura of penis . The results in Ram showed that the contrast medium which injected in the two crura passed through dorsal canal starting at the proximal end of the proximal part of body and passed distally to ended in the middle of segmiod flexure . Other two ventral canals appeared started from the middle segmiod flexure and run along the entire length of the penis reaching the base of glans penis .The dorsal canal connected with the two ventral canals by many interconnecting ducts . In Buck the results showed that the penis of Buck had two pair of canals .They arranged as two dorsal canals starting from the proximal end of the proximal part of body, and they passing through the entire length of penis up to the base of glans penis . The second pair appeared as two ventral canals started from the middle of segmiod flexure and they reached the base of glans . الخلاصة