Hayder Mahmood Ali Ssamaka

The aim of this study was to detect the presence of some virulence genes from some E. coli isolates from mastitic ewes' milk. A total of 26 E.coli isolates obtained from 195 milk samples represent clinical and subclinical mastitis in ewes in AL-Najaf governorate in 2013, the isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Two sets of primers were used in multiplex-PCR assay to detect the presence of Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (stx1 and stx2) genes, intimin (eaeA) gene, heat-stable enterotoxin a (Sta) gene and F5 (K99), F41, and F17 fimbriae genes. In the PCR assays reveals that four E. coli isolates from severe ovine clinical mastitis were possesses virulent genes F17, Stx1 and Stx2 by multiplex PCR, two isolates possesses Stx1, eae genes and one isolate possessed Stx1 gene. The results demonstrated that none of the potential virulence factors investigated was commonly observed in E. coli isolates from clinical and subclinical mastitis in ewes. Virulence factors of the bacterial strain can give it a chance for colonization, multiplication and survival in udder in the face of host defense mechanism. Virulence varies not only among different species, but also among strains of the same species.

Over the last ten years, nanomaterials have been extensively employed in the medical field and several essential industries. It is used mainly in developing novel antimicrobials as an alternative to conventional agents. This research emphasizes synthesizing cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) and testing their antifungal activity in treating cutaneous candidiasis. Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) were synthesized from Cobalt Sulfate heptahydrate (CoSO4.7H2O) using hydrazine monohydrate as a reducing agent. The CoNPs suspension was analyzed using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the field emission scanning electron microscope to determine the crystallographic and morphological properties and concentration of the produced CoNPs. The antifungal activity of the CoNPs suspension was confirmed in-vitro by the agar well diffusion method and in-vivo by treating an induced case of cutaneous candidiasis in Sprague Dawley rats as a model. The experimental results demonstrated that CoNPs suspension exhibited antifungal action in-vitro (on the plates) and that Candida albicans required a concentration of 9.4 μg/mL as the minimum inhibitory concentration. In contrast, data shows that the plate's inhibition zone improved due to increased CoNPs concentration in the prepared suspension. The in-vivo experiment shows complete healing of the skin lesion on day six for the rats' group treated with CoPNs suspension, and on day five in the rats' group treated with Nystatin. These results demonstrate that CoPNs suspension is effective in treating cutaneous candidiasis in Sprague Dawley rats; however, it is still less effective than Nystatin.

Background and Purpose: Mineral nanoparticle synthesis via green chemistry is ‎considered a novel ‏procedure ‎that ‎has been introduced into some ‏‎‎industries and medical fields. This ‎paper aimed to focus on ‏synthesized gold ‎nanoparticles ‎‎‎‎(‎AuNPs‎) prepared via green chemistry and ‎their usage in the ‏treatment of cutaneous ‎candidiasis.‎‎ Materials and Methods: This study was performed on the green synthesis of AuNPs using olive leaf extract as a reducing ‎agent‎. The ‎UV‎ visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and atomic force microscopy techniques ‎were used to detect ‏the concentration of the prepared AuNPs‎. ‎The agar gel diffusion method was used to test ‏the ‎antifungal activity of the ‎‎prepared AuNPs in vitro. ‏Antifungal efficacy of the AuNPs in vivo ‎was tested by the ‎induction of‎‎ cutaneous ‎candidiasis in mice‎.‎This research was conducted on four groups of mice‎. Groups 1 and 2 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the AuNPs suspension ‎and ‏Nystatin ointment in the treatment ‎of clinical infection, respectively. Groups 3 ‎and ‎4 were the infected ‎and the non-infected control groups, respectively.‎ Results: Based on the findings, the AuNP synthesis using olive leaves was ‎a suitable and ‎secure method. Moreover, it was found that the AuNPs concentration of 40.77 ng‏\‏ml represented the minimum ‎inhibitory concentration for the ‎inhibition of the Candida albicans. The prepared AuNPs were more effective than Nystatin ‎in the ‏treatment ‎of cutaneous candidiasis.‎‎ Conclusion: Preparation of AuNPs via green chemistry using olive leaves as a reducing ‎agent is a ‏safe ‎and easy procedure that can be performed to produce AuNPs. In this study, the AuNPs ‎displayed antifungal ‏activity ‏both in vitro and in vivo.‎

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The objective of this work was to compare the usefulness of a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay by using OPA-18 oligonucleotide for identification and genetic relation detection among different Candida albicans strains isolated from animals and humans. Thirty isolates were obtained from human and animals and genotyped in previous study according to 25S rDNA into genotypes A, B, C and T, identification was documented by germ tubes production, chlamydospores production on Corn-Meal-Tween