أزهر سلمان علي العبودي

In this study, the level of natural radioactivity in the banks of the Euphrates River was evaluated of four sites for the passage of the Euphrates(Al Kufa , Abu Sukhair, Al Mishkhab and Al Qadisiyah) , as samples were collected along the Euphrates River within the province of Najaf. The radioactivity of naturally formed radioactive materials of Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 series soluble strands in addition to the Potassium -40 radioisotope was determined using the NaI (Tl) sodium iodide reagent system (3"x3"). The values of normal radioactivity were measured in units (Bq.L-1). Where was The concentration ranged from 16.44 to 143.88 (Bq.L-1)for 40K ,0.90 to 6.16 (Bq.L-1) for 238U and 1.17 to 5.29 (Bq.L-1) for 232Th.The radium equivalent activity was below the defined limit of 370 (Bq.L-1),the calculated exterior hazard indices had been determined to be much less than (one) from the results. Therefore that can be considered as database of these rivers in the future. Also we calculated that the average committed effective dose by ingestion of water for a typical adult was found to be 0.269 mSv.y-1 note that the average internal dose of 290 µSv.y-1 measured by the Scientific Committee of the United Nations on the Effects of Radiation for food and water consumption .finally we found out Excess lifetime cancer risk is 0.672*10-3 which is significantly less than the ICRP cancer risk of 2.5 × 10-3 which mean that the samples are safe healthy.

pasta (Macaroni) is a dry, hollow pastry, made from cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, etc. It is a diet rich in carbohydrates for different age groups. In this research study examines the emergence one of the long-lived gamma radiation emitters in the various types of pasta available in the Iraqi market. We found concentration of (238U), (232Th) and (40K) In units (Becquerel / kg) measured in (20) Various types for pasta that could be obtained in the Iraqi market.( Radium equivalent ), (internal hazard index), and (absorbed dose rate) were also calculated for all studied samples. radiometric measurements by using the gamma spectrometry NaI(Tl) detector. The specific activity in Macaroni samples were wide-ranging from (0.232±0.195) Becquerel /kg to (22.869±2.005) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (6.081) Becquerel /kg for238U, For 232Th From (0.018±0.36) Becquerel /kg to (114.269±1.40) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (21.672) Becquerel /kg and for 40K from (58.724±2.28) Bq/kg to (1145.99±10.57) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (663.092) Becquerel /kg. Also, Where we found that the internal risk index as well as the radium equivalent in the samples (pasta) ranged from (0.0135) to (0.8031) Becquerel / kg and at a rate (0.2672) Becquerel / kg and for the equivalent radium, the values were from (4.780) Becquerel / kg to (274,515) Becquerel / kg, and at a rate (177.262) Becquerel / kg. This study showed that ,risk indicators calculated in this study are safe and do not constitute any health threat to humans.

pasta (Macaroni) is a dry, hollow pastry, made from cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, etc. It is a diet rich in carbohydrates for different age groups. In this research study examines the emergence one of the long-lived gamma radiation emitters in the various types of pasta available in the Iraqi market. We found concentration of (238U), (232Th) and (40K) In units (Becquerel / kg) measured in (20) Various types for pasta that could be obtained in the Iraqi market.( Radium equivalent ), (internal hazard index), and (absorbed dose rate) were also calculated for all studied samples. radiometric measurements by using the gamma spectrometry NaI(Tl) detector. The specific activity in Macaroni samples were wide-ranging from (0.232±0.195) Becquerel /kg to (22.869±2.005) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (6.081) Becquerel /kg for238U, For 232Th From (0.018±0.36) Becquerel /kg to (114.269±1.40) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (21.672) Becquerel /kg and for 40K from (58.724±2.28) Bq/kg to (1145.99±10.57) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (663.092) Becquerel /kg. Also, Where we found that the internal risk index as well as the radium equivalent in the samples (pasta) ranged from (0.0135) to (0.8031) Becquerel / kg and at a rate (0.2672) Becquerel / kg and for the equivalent radium, the values were from (4.780) Becquerel / kg to (274,515) Becquerel / kg, and at a rate (177.262) Becquerel / kg. This study showed that ,risk indicators calculated in this study are safe and do not constitute any health threat to humans.

pasta (Macaroni) is a dry, hollow pastry, made from cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, etc. It is a diet rich in carbohydrates for different age groups. In this research study examines the emergence one of the long-lived gamma radiation emitters in the various types of pasta available in the Iraqi market. We found concentration of (238U), (232Th) and (40K) In units (Becquerel / kg) measured in (20) Various types for pasta that could be obtained in the Iraqi market.( Radium equivalent ), (internal hazard index), and (absorbed dose rate) were also calculated for all studied samples. radiometric measurements by using the gamma spectrometry NaI(Tl) detector. The specific activity in Macaroni samples were wide-ranging from (0.232±0.195) Becquerel /kg to (22.869±2.005) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (6.081) Becquerel /kg for238U, For 232Th From (0.018±0.36) Becquerel /kg to (114.269±1.40) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (21.672) Becquerel /kg and for 40K from (58.724±2.28) Bq/kg to (1145.99±10.57) Becquerel /kg and at a rate (663.092) Becquerel /kg. Also, Where we found that the internal risk index as well as the radium equivalent in the samples (pasta) ranged from (0.0135) to (0.8031) Becquerel / kg and at a rate (0.2672) Becquerel / kg and for the equivalent radium, the values were from (4.780) Becquerel / kg to (274,515) Becquerel / kg, and at a rate (177.262) Becquerel / kg. This study showed that ,risk indicators calculated in this study are safe and do not constitute any health threat to humans.

Abstract. In the current search, we have reported the theoretical analysis by utilizing DFT (TDDFT)- B3LYP at 6-31G (d, p) level on the geometries, optoelectronic and absorption characteristics of novel series of the donor-π-acceptor dyes. The π-conjugated bridge is based on the thiophene, benzene, pyridine, and pyrazine; the thieno [2,3-b] indole has been used as an electron donor (D) and theeacida2-cyanoacrylic has been used as an electron acceptor (A) group. The theoretical information of the electronic structures, such as energy levels (HOMO and LUMO) and energy gap of the molecules, is based on studying the dyes in organic solar cells. Consequently, the energy levels, energy gap, photovoltaic properties, quantum chemical and absorption parameters of all the dyes have been computed and reported. The calculations show that the dyes under study can theoretically be good photosensitizers in DSSCs. Moreover, the results indicate that the LUMO levels of all dyes design lie over the conduction band (Ecb) of the semiconductors TiO2 (or PC70BM) likewise the HOMO levels lie under the decrease potential vitality of the I−/I3 − (electrolytes) in comparison to the ability of electron transfer from the molecular dye excited state to TiO2 (or PC70BM) and chargeerenewal after photo-oxidation process, separately.

Background: This research focuses on study of natural radioactivity (226Ra (238U), 232Th, 40Kand 222Rn) in different types of water samples at Al-Hurrah City in Najaf province/Iraq using NaI (Tl) and RAD-7 detector. Materials and Methods: Samples have been collected from three major sources of water, City Water (Drinking Water), River Water and Underground Water. The daily consumption of these three sources by humans in construction materials determines the standards used to measure the Radiological Contamination in these sources such as Annual Effective Dose, Radium Equivalent, Absorbed Dose rate, External Hazard Indexes, Internal Hazard Indexes and Activity Concentration Index Due to Gamma Ray of long-live Radioisotopes. Results: The results show that the average of Radioactivity Concentration forRadium-232 were 1.84±0.39Bq/L, 2.31±0.43Bq/Land 7.15±1.88Bq/L, for Thorium-232 were 1.31±0.33Bq/L, 0.98±0.13Bq/Land 2.19±0.44Bq/L, for Potasium-40 were 9.07±1.32Bq/L, 22.29±2.93Bq/Land 40.89±8.93Bq/L and for Radon-222 were 35.5±0.00 mBq/L, 355.50±30.33 mBq/L and 712.00±97.20 mBq/L. Based on Gamma Radionuclides measurement, the mean annual effective doses of city water and river water are lower than the reference level of the effective dose recommended by the ICRP, while the mean annual effective doses of underground water were higher than the reference level of the effective dose recommended by the ICRP. Conclusion: Finally, the researcher found that all the radiological parameters such as Raeq, D, Hex, Hin and Iγ in the water samples were within the range the global limit, thus it’s safe to use in construction materials

Abstract. In this paper twenty tea samples that are available in Najaf Markets were tested for their radioactivity contents using gamma-ray spectroscopic measurements NaI(Tl) "3× 3".The specific activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K from tea samples, ranged from 2.87±1.75 to 22.03±1.95 Bq/kg, 5.80±3.45 to 64.74±5.12 Bq/kg and 630.00±13.08 to 1354.67±25.82 Bq/kg respectively. Radium equivalent activity, Absorbed dose and various hazard indeces were also calculated to assess the radiation hazard. The lowest value of Raeq and Absorbed dose are 75.45 Bq/kg and 38.20 nG/h while the highest values are 206.35 Bq/kg and 100.65 nG/h. all calculated values for hazard indexes were less than unity.

Abstract . In this work, The levels of natural radioactivity (238U, 232Th and 40K ) in (25) samples of shampoo have been measured. The radioactivity of these samples were determined using Gamma–ray spectrometry with( NaI ((Tl)) detector. The specific activity of the radionuclides varied from (67.00±5.86) Bq Kg-1 to (163.00±17.42) Bq Kg-1 for 40K with a mean of (108.76±15.11) Bq Kg-1 , from (1.84±0.38) Bq Kg-1 to (8.64±2.42) Bq Kg-1 for 238U having a mean of (4.80±0.87) Bq Kg-1 and also for 232Th activity ranged from (0.23±0.03)Bq Kg-1 to Bq Kg-1 with a mean of (1.34±0.43) Bq Kg-1 . The equivalent activity of radium(Raeq) and external hazard index(Hex) for the sample of the study have normal values ranging around (15.109)Bq kg-1 and (0.0408), respectively. The values of (Ra) and (Hex) in the present work were below the action level which is recommended around (370Bq/kg and 1). This safe level is considered by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and International Commission on Radiological Protection. It is found that the radiation levels of the samples studied from shampoo used in local markets were within natural rates of permissible limits and don't cause any danger to human different uses.

Abstract. Eleven samples of salt were collected from local markets in Iraq for the purpose of identifying which types were more radioactive and the radiation efficacy of the external hazard index, outdoor absorbent dose, internal hazard index and indoor absorbed dose and Radium equivalent activity (Raeq) also finding an effective dose due to ingestion where the maximum value of a specific uranium activity was recorded in sample S4, which was (32.138Bq/kg). The lowest value was recorded in sample S8, which was (4.432 Bq/kg). It should be noted that sample S8 is Turkish origin specific activity of 232Th, the highest value was (12.456Bq/kg) recorded in sample S9, while the lowest value was (1.426 Bq/kg) and recorded in sample S7. Also calculate Effective dose Dose(Sv/y) by using equation (7) for 40K was 10.088 Sv/y , 226Ra was 1.152 Sv/y and 232Th was 1.660 Sv/y.

Abstract.In this work, new organic donor-π-acceptor molecules based on thienopyrazine is designed and reported. Diverse side based electron groups were presented to evaluate their impacts on the electronic and photovoltaic properties. The calculations of ground state were done by employing the DFT-B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) and the TD-DFT method for the excitation properties of the produced molecules. The results indicated that the “HOMO” and “LUMO” level are slightly changed and this suggests that there are different structures, playing important roles in improving the electronic and photovoltaic properties and in improving the electron accepting ability. The attained values of band gap together with the open circuit voltage are parameters that can be manipulated to improve the quality of solar cell applications. Moreover, the results showed that these molecules can be used for a solar cell as organic sensitizers due to probability of the electron injection process from the molecules to the conduction band of PC60BM, PC70BM or TiO2, in addition to the help of the compounds in designing more effective functional photovoltaic organic materials.

In this paper design five novel materials conjugated compound based on thiadiazolothienopyazine with low band gaps by utilizing density function theory (DFT). Diverse electron terminal groups were presented to check and report their impact on the electronic properties of molecules. The results showed that the geometrical properties of the studied molecules are in good agreement with the experimental value, also they found conjugated molecules are more planar, which illuminates the effect of the π-conjugated system on the structure. The range energy gaps of the studied compounds were 0.616–0.873eV, and the new molecules have highest inhibition efficiency, where well controlled by the different electron side groups branched to the molecular. The calculated properties of the new materials that have been designed are shown to be good applicant for organic solar cells

Abstract In present study, radon concentrations were measured for some fertilizers samples . These samples were collected from local markets of Najaf province, Iraq. CR – 39 plastic track detectors were used as measurement device with cylindrical diffusion technique. Also, radon exhalation rate was estimated for all samples under study. The results demonstrate that, the value of radon concentrations were ranged from 1.39 Bq/m3 to 593.06 Bq/m3 with an average of 101.23 Bq/m3, while the values of radon exhalation rate were ranged from 1.01 mBq/m2.h to 439.89 mBq/m2.h with an average of 73.72 mBq/m2.h. It is found that radon exhalation rate for all fertilizers samples were below the maximum permissible limit 57.6 (Bq/m2.hour), so it can be concluded that the samples under study may have no health risks

Indoor and Outdoor absorbed dose rates were measured in elect region of AL-Qizweenia Najaf in Iraq. Measurements were perform by using a Portable Geiger Muller Survey. Results show absorbed dose indoor and outdoor rates range from 696 to 1592.1 nGy/hr and from 565.5 to 1070.1 nGy/hr respectively. The average absorbed dose indoor and outdoor rates were 950.91 nGy/hr and 810.84 nGy/hr of every buildings and laboratories. According to occupancy factor of 0.8 and 0.2, the corresponding average annual effective dose indoor and outdoor rates were calculated to be, 4.66 mSv/yr and 0.99 mSv/yr, successively. The mean annual effective dose outdoor rate is found to be higher than 1mSv/yr which is the recommended dose limit for the public.(1)

Abstract This work studies the activity concentration of natural radioactivity in 20 different types of rice, including imported rice and that produced locally. The rice samples were collected from markets and farms in Iraq, and then a natural radioactivity investigation was done in the environmental laboratory of the Kufa University, using gamma-ray spectrometer systems. The research focused on measuring the activity concentration of natural radioactivity (238U, 232Th, and 40K) to determine the level of the radium equivalent activity, internal hazard indices, and annual effective dose. The results show that all these parameters are within the permissible limits and that radioactivity is present in almost all foodstuffs at levels ranging from 40 to 600 Bq/kg of food. Radioactivity in foodstuffs is attributed to a natural source, potassium-40, and to artificial sources, which include industrial radioactivity, weapons testing, and accidents involving radioactivity. In this article, radionuclides have been identified for most of the common species of rice available in Iraqi markets; in addition, radium equivalent activity, internal hazard indices, and annual effective dose were calculated and compared with the permissible dose to estimate the risk of radioactive isotopes in the rice crop

Abstract—Radon concentrations in brick samples collected from different countries were measured using the sealed-can technique based on the CR-39 SSNTDs. CR-39 detectors are widely used for radon exhalation rate measurements in bricks under different conditions. The detectors were exposed to standard radon concentration from a standard 226Ra source. The average 222Rn and 226Ra concentrations are found to be 280 Bq m-3 and 1.72 Bq kg-1, respectively. The highest radon exhalation rate was found in Samawah bricks, Iraq. The values of effective radium content are less than the permissible value of 370 Bq kg-1.

Abstract—In the present study, the alpha radioactivity from radon emanated from some ceramic samples collected from different countries was measured using the can technique, containing CR-39. The average 222Rn and 226Ra concentrations are found to be 371.79 Bq m-3 and 1.68 Bq kg-1, respectively. The highest radon exhalation rate was found in Chinese ceramic. The values of effective radium content are less than the permissible value of 370 Bq kg-1.