زينب جابر هادي رسول

Aim: This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen, in gallbladder samples from cattle and sheep. Materials and Methods: Three hundred samples were collected and screened for the presence of L. monocytogenes. The identification of the isolates was confirmed by API-Listeria system and by the presence of hemolysin (hyl) gene. The isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction-based serotype identification with d1 (division 1), d2 (division 2), glt, mama (mismatch amplification mutation assay), and flaA (flagellin protein) genes. Results: A total of 8 (2.7%) L. monocytogenes were recovered from 6 (4.0%) samples of sheep and 2 (1.3%) samples of cattle. All isolates showed positive results with Hly primers. Four isolates carried d1 gene, did not possess glt gene and harbored mama gene. The serotypes of these isolates were identified as 4a or 4c. The other 4 isolates carried d2 gene, 3 of them were positive with the FlaA primers, and hence, determined to be a 1/2a or 3a serotype, and 1 isolate was determined to be 1/2c or 3c serotype. Conclusion: This study concluded that the presence of 1/2a serotype in gallbladder samples indicates public health risk through cross-contamination of meat at slaughterhouses

Carbapenemase producing Acinetobacter baumannii is frequently associated with nosocomial infections. Increasing resistance to carbapenems, may significantly reduce the choice of effective antibiotics. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence of carbapenemase producing A. baumannii isolates obtained from Najaf hospitals. Isolates were identified according to API 20NE system and more confirmed using 16Sr RNA gene. Carbapenem susceptibility was assayed by microbroth dilution and other antibiotics using disks diffusion test. Phenotypic detection of carbapenemase was performed using the imipenem-EDTA disk and modified Hodg tests. Then isolates were subjected to monoplex PCR targeting blaOXA-23, blaIMP and blaVIM genes. Twelve (1.5.%) A. baumannii isolates were recovered from clinical infections. Five (41.6%) of isolates were found to be imipenem and meropenem resistant (MIC ranged 128-256 μg mLG1 ), of which, 4 (66.6%) gave positive result with the imipenem-EDTA disk and modified Hodg test. PCR experiments showed only two (33.3%) isolates were harbored blaOXA-23 gene. The present findings suggest that emergence of OXA-23 carbapenemase-producing A. baumannii clinical isolates in Najaf hospitals

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a highly problematic bacterium due to its multidrugresistant nature and ability to rapidly develop resistance. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is particularly concerning, recognized as a top priority pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). In this study, we aimed to assess the susceptibility of A. baumannii to antibiotics and characterize the presence of specific carbapenem resistance genes using PCR analysis. The study was conducted as a cross-sectional investigation at Al-Sader Medical City and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals between October 2022 and February 2023. A total of 59 A.baumannii isolates were collected from patients. To ensure accuracy in diagnosis, the isolates underwent thorough processing using morphological techniques, biochemical tests, and Vitek2 systems. The susceptibility of the isolates to 24 antibiotics was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method. Additionally, DNA extraction and PCR analysis were performed to detect the presence of carbapenem resistance genes. The study included analysis of 59 specimens collected from patients, including sputum, wound swabs, blood, and inguinal swabs. The majority of the isolates were obtained from in-patients, demonstrating a significant difference compared to outpatients. Among the studied isolates, the most prevalent carbapenem resistance gene detected was blaOXA51, present in 97% of the isolates. This highlights the substantial presence of blaOXA-mediated carbapenem resistance among A. baumannii strains in our study population. Furthermore, our findings revealed alarmingly high resistance rates against the majority of antibiotics commonly used to treat A. baumannii infections. Approximately 95% of the isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant, indicating resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. This poses significant challenges in terms of effective treatment options and emphasizes the urgent need for alternative strategies to manage A. baumannii infections

ABSTRACT The aim: The aim of the study was to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and frequency of aminoglycosides resistance genes of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from pediatric patient with UTI. Materials and methods: The study has been performed with a total of 500 urine specimens collected from pediatric patients under the age of 18 year suspected with UTI, admitted to hospitals in Al-Najaf province/Iraq during the period from November 2018 to March 2019. Results: A total of 500 urine specimens had been tested, 120 (24%) had signi!cant bacteriuria, while there 380 (76%) had non-signi!cant bacteriuria. Escherichia coli represent about 70 (68.2%) followed by followed by 23 (22.5%) K. pneumoniae, 5 (4.9%) P. aeruginosa, 2 (1.9%) Proteus spp., 1 (0.9%) Enterobacter spp. and 1 (0.9%) Oligella uratolytic. The antimicrobial susceptibility pro!le of 102 Gram-negative isolates, revealed that 59 (58%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 38(37%) were extensive drug resistant (XDR). The PCR results of aminoglycosides resistance showing that 23 (74.1%) Gram-negative isolates had acc(6’)-Ib gene and 12 (38.7%) Gram-negative isolates acc(3’)-II gene. Conclusions: A high frequency of multi-drug resistance and extensive-drug resistance of isolates were recognized, and an alarming percentage of aminoglycosides resistance to acc(6’)-Ib and acc(3’)-II.

Background: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-KP) particularly New Delhi metallo-B-lactamase (NDM) is a serious public health concern globally. The aim of the study to determine the molecular epidemiology of blaNDM-producing clinically isolated K. pneumoniae Methods: about 121 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates were collection from Private Laboratories and Public Health Laboratory in Najaf province during the period of study, determine the antibiotic susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates by using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to 25 antimicrobial agents according to the CLSI (2021). Molecular detection for MBL genes by multiplex PCR. Results: Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that from 121 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates CR-KP isolates had represented in 17(14%). All isolates of CR-KP were extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Frequency of CR-KP isolates among 23 XDR K. pneumoniae isolates were 17 (73.9%). The PCR data of MBL genes revealed that the frequency of MBL genes among XDR K. pneumoniae as following blaNDM, and blaIMP were 73.9% and 8.7% respectively . Conclusion: Among the XDR K. pneumoniae isolates, blaNDM was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene. The extensivlely resistant lineage of NDM-producing K. pneumoniae is prevalent in the clinical setting.

Objective: The aim: This study was undertaken to identify antibiotic resistance of Salmonella Typhi in specimens of gall bladder tissue after cholecystectomy. Patients and methods: Materials and methods: Salmonella Typhi identification from the isolates have been depended on morphology of the colony and biochemical tests as a first step in identification while final identification has been achieved by the automated VITEK-2 compact system then PCR technique. Results: Results: Depending to finding via the VITEK tests and PCR technique and thirty-five Salmonella Typhi sample have been obtained. This research shown that about 35 (70%) positive result contains, 12 (34.3%) isolates was positive from stool and 23(65.7%) from gall bladder tissue. The results revealed difference in S. Typhi resistance to some antibiotics, where S. Typhi has wide-ranging sensitivity: 35 (100%) to Cefepime, Cefixime and Ciprofloxacin and revealed great sensitivity 22 (62.8%) to Ampicillin. S. Typhi isolates proved extremely resistant 19 (54.2%) and 25 (71.4%) to Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol respectively. Increment in the rate of Salmonella that has multidrug resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, furazolidonecotrimoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline is a developing problem and worldwide worry matte. Conclusion: Conclusions: Resistant forms of Salmonella enteric serotype Typhi were detected with increment in the rate of multidrug resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and tetracycline so currently, Cefepime, Cefixime and Ciprofloxacin and revealed great sensitivity and have become the mainstay of treatment. Challenging difficult which rises in this study is the extend of Multidrug resistant strain (MDR) of S. Typhi.

Background: Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is an infection in soft tissue or bone in patient with diabetes mellitus, treatment of DFIs requires appropriate antibiotic selection, continuous updates of the microorganisms that are responsible of infection and their resistance pattern, the aim of this study to determine the frequency of antimicrobial resistance patterns, ESBLs, and MBLs produced carbapenem resistant Escherichia coli isolated from patients with DFI. Methods: about 111 swabs specimen were collection from patient suspected with DFI during the period of study, determinethe antibiotic susceptibility of E coli isolatesby using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method to 23 antimicrobial agents. ESBL production was screened by two tests initial method by the disk diffusion method of ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and aztreonam (30μg/disk each), accordingto the CLSI (2021) and confirmatory method by Double disk diffusion test, MBL production by the diskdiffusion method of imipenem and meropenem. Molecular detection for ESBL genes by monoplex PCR and MBL genes by multiplex PCR. Results: from 111 swabs specimen E.coli isolates had represented in 19 (27.5%) among Gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that10 carbapenem resistant E.coli isolates, and the highest resistant to β- lactam class and cephalosporin, results indicated also 100% of isolates were MDR and 63.1 XDR. PCR assay to ESBL genes revealed that blaCTX-M was found in 3 (30%) and blaOXA was noticed in 4 (40%). The PCR data of MBL genes revealed that, the frequency of MBL genes among isolates as following blaVIM1 (50%), blaNDM2 (100%), and blaSIM 2 (100%). Conclusion: the study show high frequency of antibiotic resistant pattern and the presence of ESBL and MBL genes among carbapenem resistant E.coli isolated from DFI.

Background: Acinetobacter baumannii is a multidrug-resistant bacterium associated with nosocomial infections and known for its ability to develop resistance rapidly. Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is a top priority pathogen according to the World Health Organization (WHO). We focused on evaluating the susceptibility of A. baumannii to antibiotics, detecting carbapenemase enzymes using the modified Hodge test, and characterizing the presence of specific carbapenem resistance genes using PCR analysis.This cross-sectional study took place at Al-Sader Medical City and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals from October 2022 to February 2023. It involved 59 A. baumannii isolates collected from patients. The isolates were obtained and processed for accurate diagnosis using morphological techniques, biochemical tests, and Vitek2 systems. The Kirby-Bauer method was employed to assess the susceptibility of the isolates to 24 antibiotics. DNA extraction and PCR analysis were conducted to detect carbapenem resistance genes, 59 specimens from patients, including sputum, wound swabs, blood, and inguinal swabs were analyzed. The majority of isolates were from in-patients, showing a significant difference compared to outpatients. Our finding revealed that among the studied isolates, blaSPM was the most prevalent gene, detected in 50% of the isolates. This indicates a significant presence of blaSPM-mediated carbapenem resistance among A. baumannii strains in our study population.Furthermore, our findings demonstrated alarmingly high resistance rates against the majority of antibiotics commonly prescribed to treat A. baumannii infections. A striking 95% of the isolates were classified as extensively drug-resistant, indicating resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. This poses significant challenges for effective treatment options and underscores the urgent need for alternative strategies in managing A. baumannii infections.