زهراء صاحب موسى الكعبي

Background: The association between a vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in some ethnic groups is still inconclusive, among Iraq's Arab population, this association hasn't been highlighted as yet. Methods: Two hundred and eighteen ASD children were examined; 171 males and 47 females (mean age 6.91 ± 4.11 years). The control group was 211; 162 were males and the rest were females. The purpose of this study was to identify a correlation between four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs); TaqI (rs731236), FokI (rs2228570), ApI (rs7975232) and BsmI (rs1544410) in the VDR using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) with susceptibility to childhood ASD. An Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess serum vitamin D and vitamin D receptor levels. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the prevalence of the CC genotype and the C allele in VDR TaqI (rs731236) among patients compared to controls [15.6% vs. 1.8%, OR = 4.39, 95% CI = 2.18–8.81, p = 0.001] and [34.6% vs. 23.2%, OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.30–2.32, p = 0.001] respectively. Furthermore, the frequency of the variant CC genotype and C allele of the FokI in codominant model increased significantly in ASD patients than in the controls [23.8% vs. 6.5%, OR = 4.20, 95% CI = 2.22–7.96, p = 0.001] and [34.2% vs. 20.9%, OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.44–2.67, p = 0.001] respectively. In addition, the frequency of CC genotype increased significantly in the recessive models of TaqI (rs731236) and FokI (rs2228570) in ASD patients compared to controls (15.6% vs. 1.8% OR = 9.56, 95% CI = 3.32–27.4, p = 0.001) and (27.2% vs. 6.7%, OR = 4.40, 95% CI = 2.35–8.23, p = 0.001), respectively. Mean serum VDR levels decreased significantly in ASD patients with both CC genotypes of TaqI (rs731236) than TT genotypes (P = 0.026) and in CC genotypes of FokI (rs2228570) than TT genotypes (p = 0.012). Moreover, vitamin D and VDR levels were considerably lower in ASD patients than in controls respectively (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that specific polymorphisms TaqI (rs731236) and FokI (rs731236) in VDR were high risk factors for developing childhood ASD in the Iraqi Arab population.

The existence of chimerism in human beings could potentially have various implications. The present review centers on the phenomenon of chimerism, with a particular emphasis on microchimerism, which represents a relatively unexplored avenue for elucidating variances in health and behavior. Male microchimerism in women is a phenomenon that is believed to occur due to fetomaternal exchange during pregnancy. This condition can be detected in women through the use of polymerase chain reaction molecular techniques that target Y-chromosomal markers. As a result, the examination of chimerism in human diseases has primarily concentrated on conditions that exhibit a higher incidence in females, such as autoimmune disorders and cancers affecting females. In this paper, we present an analysis of chimerism in various human diseases and explore potential behavioral implications. Comprehending the frequency of chimerism and its correlated health ramifications will furnish indispensable insight into human biology and direct innovative methods for managing illnesses.

Chimera has several important definitions that are common to each other, where he is known a single creature that is made up of two or more separate populations of genetically unique cells that originated from various zygotes. Definition can be interpreted as cells from one person might appear in another individual in a process known as chimerism. These cells may be incorporated into the parenchyma or they may circulate. Chimeras are divided into several types depending on several factors such as the percentage of chimera cells in the body of the organism neighborhood, origin, or other reasons, which includes microchimeras, natural human macro-chimeras and man-made chimeras. Chimeric cells in human can arise from three significant sources, namely originating from gestation, blood transfusions, and transplants.

The aim of the present study is to describe the histological features of the eyes of a domestic mallard duck, Anasplatyrhynchus. The eyeballs often adult males and females constituted the material of the study. The cornea histologically consisted of a stroma, a Descemet membrane, a bowman membrane, an external epithelium, and a posterior epithelium. The choroid, located between the sclera and the retina and begins from the ciliary body to the optic nerve, is rich in blood vessels. The four histological layers of the choroid were suprachoroidea, brushes membrane, vascular layer, and choriocapillaris. The ciliary body connected anteriorly to the eye and was the front portion of the choroid. Two layers comprise the ciliary processes’ epithelium: a shallow, cuboidal, nonpigmented layer and a deep, strongly pigmented one. Hyaline cartilage serves as the support of the ciliary body in addition to the fibers of smooth muscle. The retinaconsists of ten layers. The choroid, composed of four layers (suprachoroidal, bloodvessel layers, tapetum fibrosum, and choriocapillaris), is one of the five components of the cornea. Ten layers make up the sensitive portion of the retina.

The hypolipidemicactivity of aqueous extract for flowers of Hibiscussabdariffa L. was evaluated inhypercholesterolemicrats.Thirty two male adult rats were divided into four groups, each one involved eight rats. First group fed normal diet (normal group). The second group fed with high cholesterol diet (HCD) and received oral administration of 2 ml sterile water (control group). the third and fourth groups fed with high cholesterol diet(HCD) and received oral administration of aqueous extract of flowers of H. sabdariffa, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively in 2 mL of sterile water for 21 days. The animals were sacrificed; Biochemical analysis of blood serum were performed for lipid profile and liver enzymes.The extract induces a significant decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and Bloodlevels of AST, ALT, ALP. The results concluded that Hibiscus sabdariffaextract aqueous (200, 400 mg/kg) have potent hypolipidemicactivity inhypercholesterolemic rats.

This study was investigated in the lab of histological preparations of technical institute / Kufa laboratory medical dept. and Al-Sadr hospital in Najaf., ten eggs of chicken were collected, from Al Najaf Alhadeeth hathchery (Abu Sakhir). Ten eggs were hatched for 10 days . Samples of embryos limbs were removed and subjected to histological procedures and used three different stains: The results of current histological study showed that the embryonic limb at the age of the tenth days embryonic stage, that elements of rudiment skeletal in the limb has completed its appearance, and was the first of these is the Humerus then Ulna , Radius , Carpo-metacarpus and fingers (II, III, IV), ossification zone is rich in blood vessels and bone lamellae flat contains osteocytes within lacunae, it was noted that the ossified begins in perichondrium, and lined Myotubes surrounded the embryonic cartilage topped by myogenic cells, the skin increased of thickening in addition to distribution of large number of anterior- posterior orientation long feather buds where their bases begin to sink creating a circular moat. “Moat” becomes feather follicles. Epidermis of which forms ingrowing thickenings where barb ridges start to form.