Zahraa Najah Mohsin Fakhrulddin

Aim: Background: Azole derivatives have emerged as a significant class of compounds in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activities. These compounds have demonstrated efficacy against a broad range of infections, including bacterial, fungal, malarial, and viral infections. Aims: This research paper investigates the synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel azole derivatives incorporating Etodolac. Material and methods: Materials and methods: The study focused on the reaction of Etodolac with three different aromatic amines: o-phenylene diamine, 2-aminophenol, and 2-aminothiophenol, resulting in three new compounds (1-3). The antibacterial activity of these compounds was assessed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans. Results: Results: Compound 1 demonstrated the most potent antimicrobial activity against all four bacteria, exhibiting a remarkably low MIC against Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Conclusion: The results of this research suggest that incorporating Etodolac into the synthesis of azole derivatives can lead to potent antimicrobial agents. Further exploration of these compounds is warranted to fully understand their potential therapeutic applications.

Antioxidants play a critical role in mitigating oxidative stress by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing cellular damage. This review explores the biochemical mechanisms of antioxidants, classifying them into enzymatic and non-enzymatic categories, and highlights their essential functions in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The role of antioxidants in disease prevention, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is discussed in detail. Additionally, the interplay between ROS generation and antioxidant defense mechanisms is examined, providing insight into the delicate balance required for optimal physiological function. While dietary and synthetic antioxidants offer promising therapeutic potential, challenges such as bioavailability, dosage optimization, and potential adverse effects remain areas of active research. This review also outlines future directions in antioxidant research, emphasizing the need for further studies to elucidate synergistic interactions and novel therapeutic applications.

The aim: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteria (MDR),, it's types and explore the patient's predictive factors associated with it. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: The study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in a microbiology lab in AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital and Alsader Medical City, in Najaf Province, Iraq. The participants included patients presented with different kinds of infections and caused by organisms isolated from different sources. The patients had positive growth media were 304 out of total 475 patients. RESULTS: Results: The data extraction sheet included the laboratory culture and sensitivity report and patient sociodemographic factors and risk factors. The study displayed an extremely high prevalence of MDR bacteria 88% and the prevalence of extensive drug resistance (XDR) was 23%, whereas Pan-drug resistance (PDR) prevalence was 2%. Specifically, Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) was detected in 73% of the total patients infected with Staph. Bacteria. The prevalence of Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) was reached to 56% among the patients infected with Enterobacteria, while carbap¬enem resistance (CR) was recorded in 25% of the patients infected with different kinds of bacteria. Only education level was significantly associated with the prevalence of MDR. Patients with (college/post-graduate) education were associated with a low incidence of MDR. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: A very high prevalence of multidrug resistance bacteria was noted in patients with a bacterial infection. Among all patients' characters, only higher education was associated with lower incidence.

Poor people’s knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) are the most imperative factors behind the emergence of antimicrobial resistance(AMR).(37.2%) of low and middle income people had a little information about antibiotics with clear deficiency of reliable research and surveillance programs about AMR .Therefore our study targeted the state of knowledge, attitude and use of antibiotics within the Iraqi community and exploring the patient’s factors associated with it.