د. طالب عبد الرضا عبد الواحد الحجيمي

Cancer is a devastating disease that continues to baffle doctors worldwide. While trace elements like cadmium (Cd) have been found to play various roles in the body, their involvement in cancer remains unclear. This study endeavored to analyze and compare the concentrations of specific elements in both the serum samples of cancer patients and those belonging to a control group, as well as with radiotherapy sessions. A grand sum of 106 specimens were accumulated, comprising of 37 fit individuals and 69 cancer-afflicted patients. Following sample preparation, an atomic absorption spectrophotometer was employed to measure serum cadmium levels. The results showed that cadmium levels were significantly higher in cancer patients during sessions from 1 to 20 compared to healthy controls and the rest of the sessions. The average concentration of cadmium in cancer patients without radiotherapy was found to be 9.033 ± 2.82, while it was 7.369 ± 1.025 for healthy individuals. The average cadmium concentrations varied in the patients group during the sessions. During sessions 1 to 10 days, the average cadmium concentration was 11.13 ± 1.57 (ppb). In sessions from 11 to 20 days, it increased to 11.83 ± 3.14 (ppb). Surprisingly, in the 21- to 30-day sessions, the average cadmium concentration decreased to 6.168 ± 0.79 (ppb). Finally, at sessions from 31 to 40 days, it decreased further to 5.955 ± 0.88 (ppb). These findings suggest that exposure to radiotherapy in cancer patients may increase the level of cadmium concentration during sessions from 1 to 20 days. While the exact role of cadmium in cancer remains unclear, this study provides valuable insights into the potential impact of radiotherapy on cadmium levels in cancer patients. A complete comprehension of the connection between cadmium and cancer, as well as developing efficient treatment methods, requires additional investigation.

This study was conducted in the Najaf Governorate / Iraq, in the year (2020), some blood samples were used for cancer patients as a biomarkers of the presence or absence of environmental pollution by radon concentrations (222Rn) and radon daughters (218Po and 214Po) via using the nuclear track detector (CN-85, France) by a natural exposure method. Fifteen of blood samples were collected for cancer patients people , seven samples for male and eight for female in ages (20-70) year for all samples. The results show that, the average value of 222Rn concentrations in (Bq/m3) unit for male and female gender were (64.36±13.90) and (43.16±4.52) respectively. While the average value of 218Po , 214Po for male and female gender were (32.83±7.09) Bq/m3, (33.93±7.33) Bq/m3 and (21.93±2.28) Bq/m3, (22.67±2.36) Bq/m3, respectively. According to the results of the studied samples within the study area: radon concentrations was within the limits allowed globally (ICRP), and thus blood free from environmental pollution

This study was conducted in Al Najaf Governorate of Iraq. Blood samples were collected from patients with cancer aiming to identify biomarkers as an evidence for the presence or absence of pollution caused by alpha emitters radionuclides (222Rn, 226Ra, and 238U). The radiation detection process was conducted using CN-85 nuclear track detector. The resulted data demonstrate that the concentrations of each of 222R and 226Ra were ranged from 0.39 to 2.50 Bq/kg and from 15.81 to 100.68 Bq/kg, respectively. Concerning the228U concentrations (ppm), the results demonstrated that they were ranged from 0.032 to 0.202 ppm. Examining the study findings indicate that the alpha emission depends, to certain extent, on the gender and age but did not depend on body mass index. According to the results of the current study, the level of each of radon-222, radium-226, and uranium-238 were within the internationally allowed limits, hence the blood can be argued to be free of environmental pollution. Keyword: Alpha emitters, blood,

Abstract The reduction in the number of sessions of radiotherapy is a primary goal in the field of radiotherapy. An important and promising approach to reach this goal is using the nanotechnology. This is via employing nanoparticles as a contrast agent to the target where radiation is applied. The contribution of the nanoparticles is expected to improve the sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER). The best way of exploiting the nanotechnology is by through the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) together with electron beam. The role of AgNPs is to increase the probability of the absorption of electrons within the tumor region while maintaining the adjacent healthy tissue unaffected. This therefore lead to an increase in the destruction of cancer cells. In this work, the (AgNPs) were used as a contrast agent for skin cancer treatment with electron energy ranged from 2 MeV to 15 MeV. The findings demonstrated that there is an increase in the SER (e.g. 1.3 times with energy of 15 MeV). This would indicate for a reduction in the number of the required sessions ranged from four to five weeks period based on the applied energy of electrons where the ordinary radiotherapy sessions are known to be around seven weeks.

Abstract. In this paper, the radon concentrations in the houses of (10) locations were measured using real-time continuous radon monitor RAD-7 detector together with estimating the corresponding female and male organ doses using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation software at Al- Najaf city-Iraq . It is found that the radon concentrations varied from (8.75±1.1 Bq/m3) to (32.32±4.0 Bq/m3 with an average (20.57±2.90 Bq/m3). The resulted data for male reveal that the bladder received the highest dose at 9.78E-05 μGy/h in Missan, while the salivary gland was noticed to have the highest dose in each of Jmhorria, Adalh, Saad and Milad regions with dose rates of 4.65E-05, 3.59E-05, 5.72E-05 and 3.45E-05 μGy/h respectively. In Asskry Najaf regions the highest dose was seen to be with the Lung with 9.30E-05 μGy/h. In Asskiry Kufa and Mutnaby the highest organ doses were attributed to the bone surface at 9.73E-05 and 9.62E-05 μGy/h respectively. In Tmoz and Sirai regions, the highest organ doses were with Extrathor airways and thyroid at 6.64E-05 and 9.65E-05 μGy/h respectively. By contrast, the female findings reveal the doses for all organs and across all considered neighborhoods ranged from 1. E-04 μGy/h to 9E-05 μGy/h. Finally, it can be concluded that all results of radon concentrations in ten locations samples were within the range allowed according to ICRP. The organ doses seem to be very low which in turn reduce the concern realted to the effect of radiation.

Abstract: Reducing the number of radiotherapy sessions is the primary goal of the radiotherapist domain. One of the most promising ways is to achieve this goal by adding nanoparticles as a contrast agent to the target where radiation is applied. The contribution of the nanoparticles will appear Sensitivity Enhancement Ratio (SER). SER is the ratio between the number of cancer cells destroyed by the presence of the contrast agent and the number of cells destroyed by the absence of the contrast agent for the same dose. Increasing the amount of SER indicates the increase in the number of destroyed cells compared with the number of destroyed cells in the absence of contrast agent. In this research, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used as a contrast agent for adipose tissue cancer together with photons beam whose energy range from (2-15) MeV that applied to the adipose tissue loaded with AgNPs. The results showed an increase in the SER (1.44 with an energy of 15 MeV ), which would indicate a reduction in the number of radiotherapy sessions to become from five to three weeks depending on the energy of applied photon where the normal radiotherapy sessions are seven weeks.

This theoretical study focuses on the enhancement of efficiency for radiotherapy according to increase sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER). The improvement of SER was done by increasing the amount of absorbed dose in lung cancer without the surrounding health tissue due to presence (Gold, Gadolinium, silver and titanium) nanoparticles (NPs) using x-ray with energy range from (2) to (20) MeV. This causes increasing in SER percentages as follows (10.86%), (12.51%), (13.03%) and (13.59%) when using titanium, silver, gadolinium and gold as nanoparticles respectively depending on the type of nanoparticles.

This article aims to improve radiation therapy for patients with ovarian cancer with the aid of nano particles that possess high atomic number and high-energy X-rays.These nano particles are being added to the cancerous tumor. In this study we simulate insertion gold, gadolinium, silver and titanium nanoparticles as radio-sensitizing agent each type interacts with x-ray photons whose energy ranged from 2MeV to 20 MeV. The existence of nanoparticles is working to improve ovary cross section. High energy of X-ray causes to increase production of free radicals. In this article we get an enhancement in ovary radiotherapy this enhancement represented in increasing the number of destroyed cancer cells and reduce the number of surviving tumor cells. From these numbers we get sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER). The SER percentages were as follow 13.58% was SER for gold nano particles. 13.02%was SER for gadolinium nanoparticle.12.52%was SER for silver nano particles. 10.85%was SER for Titanium nano particles.

This research aims to enhance breast radiotherapy by increasing sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER). SER is the ratio of survival cells to initial cells for irradiation without and with NPs. The direct injection of nanoparticles into breast tumor considered a perfect method to increase SER. In this study AuNPS, GdNPs, AgNPs and TiNPs were used as radio-sensitizing agents to increase SER. The contrast agent loaded to breast tumor interacts with x-ray photons whose energy ranged from 2MeV to 20 MeV this led to enhance breast radio-sensitivity by increasing the absorbed dose due to the presence of high absorption coefficient elements. In this research, we get average SER from 10.79 to 13.50 depending on the type of contrast agent and x-ray energy.

Thin films of fullerene (C60) is of about 200 nm thicknesses has been deposited by thermal evaporation method on glass substrate at both 303 and 403 K substrate temperature (Ts= 303 and 403 K) and under pressure is about 10-5 mbar. This study has been concentrated on the effect of substrate temperature on some physical properties of C60 thin films such as morphology and structural properties. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that films which were deposited at 303 and at 403 K on soda lime glass substrates possess amorphous structure. Grain size increased from 13 nm for films deposited at 303 K to 22.5 nm for the films deposited at 403 K. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force spectroscope (AFM) demonstrate decreasing in C60 roughness as substrate temperature increased

The importance of this research is to reduce the number of radiotherapy sessions that are given to patients with brain cancer then result in reducing the side effects of radiation therapy. This is done by increasing sensitivity enhancement ratio (SER). SER is the ratio of survival cells to initial cells for irradiation without and with nanoparticles. The direct injection of nanoparticles into brain tumor considered a perfect method to increase (SER). In this study gold, gadolinium, silver and titanium nanoparticles were used as radio-sensitizing agents to increase (SER). The contrast agent loaded to brain tumor interacts with x-ray photons whose energy ranged from 2MeV to 20 MeV This led to enhance brain radio-sensitivity by increasing the absorbed dose due to the presence of high absorption coefficient elements. In this research, we get a percentage of SER from 11.63 to 14.26 depending on the type of contrast agent.

Abstract— Cement samples were collected from Iraq market. Radioactivity was measured using (NaI)Tl detector, specific activity levels due to 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were measured in 11 cement samples. The average activity concentration Bq/Kg in the collected cement samples were found the range from (17.027±4.609) to (95.436±5.565) Bq/Kg with an average value of (40.49391±3.09627) Bq/Kg for226Ra, 232Th specific activities range from (2.303 ±0.319) to (8.8159±0.366) Bq/Kg with an average of (4.79±0.3455) Bq/Kg and 40K specific activity range from (84.135±5.387) to (389.436±8.364) Bq/Kg with an average value of (275.8±5.763) Bq/Kg . The average value of the radium equivalent was found (68.21907) Bg/Kg, while the average value of the absorbed dose in air, external hazard index and internal hazard index were found (32.9866) nGy/h, (0.2937) and (0.184298) respectively. The results were compared with international recommended values and found to be with in the international level.

Many worker in radiation field are expose to different doses of ionization rays . one of this ray is X-ray . The instruments that produce X-ray are available in hospitals. In this project we measure exposure dose due to X-ray instrument in al-sader medical city in Al najaf city . Our measurements were done to determine the exposure dose by using RAD-CHECKTM PLUS equipment for different time intervals and different locations in the unit . The obtained results show the values of exposure dose for workers in X-ray unit and patients are within the permitted limits .

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are good choice in medical application because it characterized by ability of synthesis as colloidal solution, did not interact with healthy tissue , less toxicity, ease of detection and thermal stability. The present project focuses on treatment of the ovary cancer by high energy photons of gamma ray (6MeV) and gold nanoparticles while preserving the ovary and prevents the risk of recurrence of ovary cancer. This occur in a minimum dose given for patient i.e. enhancing the radiotherapy that is used in ovary cancer treatment by depending on pair production phenomena . The obtained results showed that gold nano-particles (GNPs) with high energy of gamma photons (6MeV) significantly enhancing the radiotherapy for ovary cancer treatment

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely used for medical applications, because it ability to convert as colloidal solution, have no interaction with biotic tissue, low toxicity, easy in the detection, and thermally stabile. This study focuses on the treatment of prostate cancer by interaction the gamma ray (6 MeV) with Gold nanoparticles, without the extirpation of prostate. This method occurs in a minimum dose given for the patient for the improvement of radiotherapy that is used in prostate cancer treatment by depended on pair production phenomenon.

In this research we have been studied the 3rd order spherical aberration for an optical system consisted of obscured circular aperture with non central circular obscuration through the calculation of point spread function (P.S.F) in presence of the obscuration in the center and comparing the obtained results with that results of moving obscuration far away from the center, where the results showed significant improvement for(P.S.F) value. The study was done of different obscurities ratios in addition to the different 3rd order spherical aberration values

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is a kind of cancer that is the second most common in the world, and its treatment is surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, this study investigates Fraxetin and Capsaicin's ability to prohibit CRC cells from reproducing through radiation therapy, and thus, it can serve as a viable substitute for cisplatin in CRC treatment. The largest defy is to increase the destruction of the tumour while decreasing the destruction of healthy tissue and the side effects on the surrounding normal tissues. Cells were cured with Capsaicin and Fraxetin extracts from chilli peppers and Fraxinus and radiated at 1 Gy, 3 Gy and 5 Gy. Viability has been assessed by MTT test and quantified at 570 nm in a Mutiskan EX (Thermo Lab systems). Cisplatin, conventional chemotherapy, was utilised as a positive control. Utilise of Fraxetin and Capsaicin extract showed a prospective radio-sensitising impact in a laboratory for CRC. The inhibition impact in the cell line wasn't eclectic and is extremely analogous to the impact of traditional chemotherapy. The capsaicin of chilli peppers, incorporated with radiation therapy, has been the most active extract for CRC cells. © 2024, Medical Project Poland. All rights reserved.

Abstract: This research examines the concentrations of uranium (UC), polonium of POW (218Po and 214Po on the wall of the irradiation container), and polonium of POS (218Po and 214Po on the surface of the irradiation container) in serum samples of male and female cancer patients and human health in the Al-Najaf Governorate of Iraq. UC, 218Po, and 214Po were determined using a track detector technique with a CR-39 detector. The mean values of UC for male and female cancer patients were 0.110 ± 0.024 ppb and 0.099 ± 0.013 ppb, respectively. The POW’s average values for male and female cancer patients were 3.885 ± 2.132 Bqm-3 and 2.958 ± 1.146 Bqm-3, respectively while the mean values of POS for male and female cancer patients were 0.702 ± 0.386 Bqm-3 and 0.535 ± 0.207 Bqm-3, respectively. The results show that the mean concentrations of UC, 218Po, and 214Po are significantly higher (p < 0.001) in male and female cancer patient groups compared with the healthy group. Also, the mean values of UC, 218Po, and 214Po concentrations do not correlate with variables for male and female patient groups. Therefore, the concentrations of UC, 218Po, and 214Po in cancer patients and healthy groups in the present study were not significant in terms of gender. According to the ICRP and WHO report, the concentrations of uranium and polonium in all samples of the current study were within the accepted limits (uranium = 0.810 ppb) and (polonium = 550 Bqm-3), So the serum samples of male and female cancer patients and healthy in the Al-Najaf Governorate of Iraq were not contaminated with uranium.

The reduction in the number of radiotherapy sessions is a key target in the field of radiotherapy. An essential technique to reach this target is by using nanoparticle substances as absorption factors for the targeted organ in which a given radiation is utilized. Using the nanotechnology approach would improve radiotherapy sessions. Improving the radiotherapy sessions reflects the large number of cancer cell destruction when compared with the destroyed cell number with absence absorption factor. In this work, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were applied as an absorption factor for cancerous adipose tissue together using a beam of highly energetic photons whose energy is up to 2 MeV. The resulting data demonstrated that there is an improvement in the radiotherapy sessions when applying gold nanoparticles as an absorption factor. The finding of this study could indicate a clear reduction in the radiotherapy session figures to approach 5 to 3 weeks, based on the photon's energy, instead of applying the routine radiotherapy sessions number which is known to have up to 7 weeks.

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