تغريد حميد خلف العابدي

In this research, an experimental work was conducted on models of broad crested weirs with different height of crest and different flow conditions, in sub – critical zone, to derive an equation to calculate the adequate height of a broad crested weir as a function of flow parameters such as initial depth, sequent depth, critical depth and Froude number due to the hydraulic jump will be generated downstream the weir . Five laboratory models were used in the experiments with crest heights of 30 cm, 35 cm, 40 cm, 45 cm, 50 cm and 55 cm. Each model will examined under different flow values (37 l/s , 31 l/s, 26 l/s, 11 l/s and 6 l/s.). All experiments were conducted in a laboratory flume with dimensions of (1 m * 1.15 m) in cross section and 18 m length. The flow conditions and geometric parameters of laboratory models were rearranged as a non-dimensional parameters using Л – theorem. The values of each Л will be scheduled and analyzed by the software of SPSS -21 to derive an empirical formula to calculate the non-dimensional height of crest. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2) resulted from the non-linear regression of data to derive the nondimensional formula was very high.

Dams have multiple types and have many characteristics that affect the stability and efficiency of their work. To study some important hydraulic properties and the extent of their values change each year by studying and analyzing the data and discussing the results to find solutions. This research is specialized in studying an important type of dams, it is the irrigation dam which is of paramount importance because the main objective of the construction of dams is irrigation and regulating the water needed for irrigation through summer and winter. By operation plans based on a central operation policy to meet the water needs throughout the year for the sectors used for water in particular the agricultural sector, which consumes up to 85% of the available water volume. In the short term, a certain volume of storage is considered for the following year in the case of continued shortage of water for a second year. Correct estimation of uplift force and exit gradient is very important in stability analysis of hydraulic structures. In this research, case of study was about al-Kufa dam, by carrying out the high water levels of all piezometers distributed in al-Kufa dam during six months, the uplift pressure was measured by 16 piezometers and head of water was measured at maximum level. As a result, the exit gradient of Lock navigation, power plant and al-Kufa main barrage was 0.11, 0.073 and 0.128, respectively. So factor of safety against piping for all parts of Al-Kufa dam larger than one. Factor of safety against uplift pressure in Lock navigation, power plant and al- Kufa main barrage was 1.6, 3and 4.11, respectively. The results showed that al-Kufa dam is safety against piping and uplift pressure.

Recently, methods have emerged to assess the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution, which has been adopted by many countries that depend on groundwater as an important and supportive resource for surface water to protect groundwater and monitor and control its pollution. Assessment methods adopt vulnerability maps and compare them with the real-life pollution map of the region. The study was conducted in Al-Teeb area, which is located in the northeast of Missan province, south of Iraq. This area is about 2450 km2. This study applied four models DRASTIC, GOD, SINTACS and Modified DRASTIC of vulnerability maps are analyzed using GIS technique and compared with the reality map which represent the nitrate concentration map as a basic comparison map; in order to choose the closest one with respect to the realistic acting. The results showed that 80.29 % of study area is classified under low vulnerability in DRASTIC method and moderate vulnerability in GOD, SINTACS and MD-DRASTIC which are covered 54.12 %, 83.18 % and 72.35 % of study area respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to compare the four methods with the nitrate concentration map, where the correlation value for DRASTIC, GOD, SINTACS and MD-DRASTIC was 73.05, 49.79, 83.23 and 87.94 %, respectively. So, the MD-DRASTIC is represented the best technique for evaluating vulnerability map in the study area which can be recommended.

most affected by pollutants, enabling decision makers, departments and government agencies to save additional funds in the event of a groundwater monitoring and protection system for the entire study area.Numerical methods as SINTACS and Modified DRASTIC with GIS technologies are depended in this study. SINTACS Vulnerability Index (SVI) is based on seven parameters while Modified DRASTIC Index (MDI) is based on eight parameters but both methods are adopted weighted sum overlay of the parameters. Final results of SINTACS Vulnerability map depicts four classes from very low to high which varies from (77 to 144). About 82.81% of study area is classified under moderate vulnerability; the remaining 15.08% and 1.75% are under high and low vulnerability respectively. MD- DRASTIC vulnerability map ranges (85–179). This range of index values is divided into four classes including very low to high vulnerability classes. About (72.35%) of the study basin has moderate vulnerability. High vulnerability measured as a second effective class of the studied area with (20.5%). While low and very low areas comprise (6.45% and 0.6%) respectively. Comparative study of two vulnerability maps with water quality data represented by nitrate concentration showed that MD- DRASTIC method is more suitable to represent the real reality of pollution of the area.

The evaluating of the hydraulic properties of the aquifer is very important for future forecasting of the quantitative reserves of groundwater and thus optimal management of this important resource. The hydraulic properties of groundwater are important in determining the velocity of groundwater movement and the storage and renewable quantities. The most important hydraulic characteristics are the transmissivity (T), hydraulic conductivity (K), stortivity (S) and specific yield (Sy). The hydraulic specifications of aquifer depend on the type of rock formations, if the formations are coarse and well-arranged grains, the hydraulic parameters will be better. The pumping test process is carried out on seven wells for unconfined aquifer in Teeb area. The groundwater levels are recorded for drawdown and recovery for each test then the measurements are analyzed using AQTESOLV 4.5 program. The validation of pumping test is compared with some important methods such as specific capacity (Sc) equation and data for General Commission of Groundwater for Ministry of Water Resources (GCGMWR) which adopted electrical resistivity for the same study area. The results obtained for k from pumping test and the specific Capacity equations are showed a good agreement with the data for General Commission of Groundwater for Ministry of Water Resources through determination coefficient (R2) which is found 98% for all. However, the obtained results from AQTESOLV 4.5 software reduces the uncertainty of the results adopted by other traditional methods. The hydraulic properties of eight wells from the specific Capacity equation were estimated. Finally, the hydraulic conductivity (K) can be estimated by using GIS techniques as spatial distribution over study area ranges (2.19-4) m/day in the north-eastern part of the study area, the central zone and southwestern parts which hydraulic conductivity values were starting to increase ranges from 6 to 12(m/day). Keywords: Pumping Test, Transmissivity, AQTESOL 4.5 Software.

Thestudy'spurpose was to deem the (WQI) of the Euphrates in Iraq to assess its property for the sake of drinking usage. Water swabs were possessed from the Euphratesby(National Center for Water Resources Control). The samples were transported to the laboratory of (National Center for Water Resources Control) for analyses. Swab wasappreciating for ten parameters like pH, Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Sulphates, Nitrates, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Electrical Conductivity, Calcium, Dissolved Oxygen and Chlorides. The deemwas done by using weighted arithmetic index process, In the process of monitoring the quality of water. WQI was assessed in Table Ⅹ based on the comparison of the results with the criteria in Table I as shown in Figure 11 and its spatial distribution in the maps (1,2,3,4) within four years. In 2016, the value of WQI is not valid for human use except for Husiba. In 2017, the value of WQI is valid for human use except forthe Kufa station. In 2018 the WQI value for human use except for Kufa station. In 2019 WQI is valid for human use except for Kufa and Samawah stations. Keywords: Water Quality Index, Chemical-Physical-Biological Parameters, Weighted Arithmetic process, Euphrates.

تقييم نوعية المياه لمناطق حوض نهر الفرات ومدى ملائمتها للاستخدام البشري.

تقييم مدى تحسس المياه الجوفية للتلوث باستخدام طرق وتقنيات تعتمد على نظم المعلومات الجغرافية في التحليل وانتاج خرائط الضعف التي من شانها تحديد الاماكن المعرضة للتلوث اكثر من غيرها