سندس حميد موسى الكطراني

الغرض من هذا البحث هو توضيح مفاهيم السيولة والربحية للمصارف الإسلامية وكيفية إدارة السيولة للتأثير على قدرة البنوك على تحقيق الأرباح. لذلك وبعد عرض الجانب النظري للبحث يتم دراسة حالة البنك الوطني الاسلامي في العراق واجراء الاختبارات الاحصائية المناسبة لبيان ما اذا كانت هناك علاقة بين (ROA، ROE، ROD). بناءً على البيانات البنكية المنشورة وباستخدام برنامج SPSS تم التوصل إلى عدد من النتائج. وأهم هذه النتائج أن الإدارة الجيدة للسيولة ستؤدي حتماً إلى ربحية أفضل. ومن ناحية أخرى ، نلاحظ العلاقة السلبية بين السيولة والربحية للبنك الأهلي الإسلامي وعدم وجود علاقة كبيرة بين السيولة لهذا البنك و الربحية للفترة 2010-2017 بالرغم من ارتفاع معدلات السيولة بشكل عام وانخفاض معدل العائد على الأصول.

Abstract. E-learning provides students with the possibility of accessing, repeating, and using learning materials wherever and whenever they want. The philosophy of e-learning is not to replace the conventional learning process; it instead provides a new method and approach that offers opportunities for much faster delivery of knowledge. Teachers and students are the most significant actors in the process of educational transformation, and technology acceptance is measured by positive reactions from users based on their utilisation of technology to support those assignments designed for such purposes. In higher education institutions in Iraq, the use of e-learning has become compulsory and there is thus a critical need to study student and teacher behaviours in response to this. Accordingly, this paper undertakes an investigation based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine academics’ and students’ acceptance of and adoption of e-learning in university education in their roles as universities’ main actors. This paper focuses on teachers and students with no background in ICT, investigating their acceptance of e-learning as a learning method. A seven-point Likert scale questionnaire was systematically developed, validated, and used as a data collection instrument with 450 students and 75 university lecturers from two separate colleges. A clustering sampling method was used in the sampling selection process, and several hypotheses were proposed and tested via the paired Ttest. The paper's outcomes can be classified into three categories: it helps to determine to what extent e-learning is accepted by non-expert users; it provides evidence of new factors that influence application of e-learning, extending the TAM model; and, finally, it provides meaningful recommendations for higher education institutions to utilise before adopting elearning to maximise acceptance. In particular, the results indicate that academics’ and students’ intention to use e-learning is positively influenced by both perceived usefulness and perceived ease to use.

The study sought to examine the impact of financial structure on the market value added of Iraqi tourism companies. The study adopted a quantitative approach by analyzing the financial data of a sample of Iraqi tourism companies for the period from 2004 to 2018. To measure the financial structure, three variables were used: Leverage Ratio, Equity to Total Assets Ratio and Short - Term Financing to Total Equity Ratio. The paper found that tourism companies differ in their reliance on debt in relation to property rights. It also found that there is a limited dependence of most of the study sample companies on fixed-cost loans in finance, in particular longterm loans. In addition, any improvement in the market value of the entity in relation to it carrying value will lead to an increase in the market value added. This study provides a better understanding of the relationship between financial structure in tourism companies and their market value added for researchers, practitioners and managers in the sector. Moreover, the results of this study are a working guide for financial managers in tourism companies and for the general investors in the tourism sector in determining the structure of financing or when making decisions to borrow or invest, because such decisions will directly affect the market value added of the company and the price of its shares in the financial markets. This study is one of the first studies that discuss the relationship of financial structure to market value added in the tourism sector in Iraq and is thus the starting point in exploring the determinants of financial structure in this important sector.

تقييم دور الصكوك الاسلامية في معالجة عجز الموازنة العامة للدولة السودان نموذجا

تأسست المصارف الإسلامية في سبعينيات القرن الماضي مستندةً الى إطروحة الشهيد محمد باقر الصدر التي اقترحها في كتابه (البنك اللاربوي في الإسلام). وقد طرح الشهيد الصدر عقداً معروفاً في الفقه الإسلامي ومتفقاً على مشروعيته من قبل جميع المذاهب الإسلامية, وهو عقد المضاربة, ليكون الأساس الشرعي لقيام تلك المصارف التي لا تتعامل بالفائدة أو الربا المحرم في القيام بوظائفها. غير أن المصارف الإسلامية, بعد مدة وجيزة من قيامها, تخلَّت عن عقد المضاربة في القسم الأعظم من عملياتها, وتحوّلت عنه الى عقد آخر أسمته (المرابحة للآمر بالشراء). هذا البحث يحاول تسليط الضوء على الإشكاليات التي نجمت عن هذا التحوّل, وأدت بالمصارف الإسلامية الى أن تنقض الأساس الشرعي الذي تأسست بموجبه أولاً, وما رافق ذلك التحوّل من عودة إلى ممارسة الفائدة تحت غطاء (المرابحة) ثانياً, فضلاً عن تحوّلها من ممارسة العمل المصرفي القائم على التمويل الائتماني الى ممارسة العمل التجاري الذي لا يعد – من الناحيتين التاريخية والوظيفية – من مهام المصارف.

AbstractIslamic Banks were founded in 1970s of last century, based on a treatise suggested by Mohammad Baqir Al- sadr in his book (Non-Usury bank in Islam). He had put forward a well-known and acceptable contract by all Islamic doctrines, named (Mutharabeh contract), as the legal basis for the establishment of such banks, which not deal with interest or forbiddin usury in carrying out their functions.But the Islamic banks, after a short period of their incorporation, gave up the (Mutharabeh contract) in the greater part of their operations, and turned it into another contract named (Murabaha for the purchase order).This research attempts to highlight the problems resulted from this transformation, which led Islamic banks to: breaking of their legal basis, returning to deal with interest under cover of (Murabaha), and shifting from the practice of banking which based on credit financing into commercial practice that is not considered – historically and functionally – a task of banking.