Suad Abdulhadi Abdulrazzaq Alhilu

Although what unifies the carcinogenic microorganisms has not been determined by multiple studies, the role of bacteria in the development of neoplasms has not been properly elucidated. In this review, we discuss links between the bacterial species and cancer, with focus on immune responses for the stimulation of tumor cells such as induction of inflammation. Finally, we will describe the potential therapeutic strategies of bacteria on target tumors to improve treatment while mitigating adverse reactions. Cancer is a series of genetic changes that transform normal cells into tumor cells. These changes come from several reasons, including smoking, drinking alcohol, sunlight, exposure to chemical or physical factors, and finally chronic infection with microorganisms, including bacteria. In fact, bacterial infections are not carcinogenic, but recently it was discovered that the association between bacteria and cancer is through two mechanisms, the first stimulating chronic inflammation and the second producing carcinogenic metabolites. While bacteria are carcinogenic agents also, they have a dual role eliminating and removing tumor cells. However, the traditional cancer treatments that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy increase the chances of survival, and there are many side effects of these therapies, including the high toxicity of tissues and normal cells, could not penetrate the tumor cells, and resistance of these therapies by tumor cells. Therefore, the world has turned to an alternative solution, which is the use of genetically engineered microorganisms; thus, the use of living bacteria targeting cancerous cells is the unique option to overcome these challenges. Bacterial therapies, whether used alone or combination with chemotherapy, give a positive effect to treat multiple conditions of cancer. Also, bacteria can be used as vectors for drug, gene, or therapy, and this is a great step to treat cancer. Thus, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota residents with cancer. Cancer-associated bacteria differ from those in healthy human and are linked with gene-expression profile. We also discuss how live bacteria interact with tumor microenvironments to induce tumor regression through colonization and spread. Finally, we provide past and ongoing clinical trials that include bacteria targeting tumors.

ABSTRACT Coagulase-negative staphylococci are frequently associated with nosocomial infections. Methicillin-resistant strains are particularly important because they narrow therapeutic options. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of an agar screening test, Vitek 2 AST-P580 card and PCR to characterize oxacillin resistance among CoNS. Three hundred specimens were investigated, one hundred isolates were identified as CoNS 53% of isolates were S. haemolyticus, 26% S. epidermidis and 21% S. hominis. The results showed that 91% of isolates were phenotypically oxacillin resistance on oxacillin resistance screening agar and AST-P580 card, but all isolates of CoNS carried mecA gene that showed in PCR technique. However oxacillin resistance CoNS were resistance to most of antibiotics used in this study. Keywords: coagulase-negative staphylococci, catheter-related infections, oxacillin resistant. mecA gene.

One hundred of bacterial isolates as a CoNs represented by 53% S. haemolyticus , 26% S. epidermidis and 21% S. hominis. the results showed that only 93% of isolates were phenotypically biofilm formation in christensen tube and TS-Congo red agar methods , PCR technique revealed that 93% of CoNS isolates carried aap gene and 08% of isolates were expressed icaA and icaD genes

Abstract Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are a group of micro-organisms that are increasingly implicated as a cause of significant infection especially in patients undergoing catheter and other medical devices related infections. They are often multiresistant to antibiotics, and the ability to form biofilm is considered their main virulence determinant. In the present study, Three hundred specimens were isolated; only one hundred isolates were analyzed: 53% S. haemolyticus, 26% S. epidermidis and 21% S. hominis. The results showed that only 93% were phenotypically biofilm formation in Christensen tube and TS-Congo red agar methods. Then these isolates subjected to molecular studies using PCR we found 98% of CoNS isolates carried aap gene while 93% of isolates were expressed icaA and icaD genes. Keywords: coagulase-negative staphylococci, catheter-related infections, icaA gene, icaD gene, aap gene.

Abortion is the most common complication during pregnancy in women, with a rate of 15-20% among pregnant women approximately 80% of spontaneous abortions occur in the first trimester. A descriptive and controlled study was performed on women who had spontaneous abortions to identify risk factors for spontaneous abortion. They were admitted to Al-Zahra Teaching Hospital (maternity ward and emergency ward) from method of work Urine samples and vaginal swabs were taken from aborted women and pregnant women from, Al-Furat Hospital, and Al- Hassan al askary Clinic in Al-Najaf Al-ashraf this study involved (200) samples were collected from women with abortion and pregnant, all subjects were within 13–46 years of age. The sample include vaginal swabs from miscarriage female during the period from October 2022 to February 2023. The results showed Burkholderia percentage of isolated bacteria from aborted women was Burkholderia cepacia (31%). and the following genes gyrB/trpB/parC/recA/gyrA/phaC/gltB/atpD were detected. Where the percentage of each of these genes appeared as follows. gyrB gene 8(66.6%),trpB gene 11(91.6%), parC gene 12(100%),recA gene12 (100%) gyrA gene 6(50%),phaC 11(91.6), gltB gene 10(83.3), atpD gene 8(66.6).

Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) is a group of closely related bacteria with widespread environmental distribution. 200 samples were collected from women with abortion and pregnant 13–46 years of age, during the period from October 2022 to february2023. The results showed Burkholderia percentage of isolated bacteria from aborted women was Burkholderia.cepacia (31%), a non-probability study (purposive sample) of (100) women who had miscarriages was conducted as a study group they were selected from the emergency department and the maternity ward depending on the diagnosis of the doctor in charge, and (100) women with no history of abortion were selected as a control group from the department of Family and Child Care. The results of the study showed that the women of the study group were aborted women between the ages of (10-50) 47% of abortion cases were rural and 53% was urban, while the control was 28% from rural and 72% was urban. The genetic study of virulence factors, the identification of virulence genes, and conventional PCR testing method of work urine samples and vaginal swabs all subjects were within 13–46 years of age. The following genes (gyrB/trpB/parC/recA/gyrA/phaC/gltB/atpD) were detected. Where the percentage of each of these genes appeared as follows. gyrB gene 8(66.6%),trpB gene 11(91.6%), parC gene 12(100%),recA gene12 (100%) gyrA gene 6(50%),phaC 11(91.6), gltB gene 10(83.3), atpD gene 8(66.6).

Organic waste is characterized by a massive bacterial load, and recent studies have confirmed the ability of these microorganisms to generate electricity, heat, and fuel from waste materials. Through genetic engineering, these organisms are transformed into "electric bacteria" capable of producing high voltage and a steady continuous current over long periods. Consequently, this process is considered a form of renewable and eco-friendly energy; it is not merely a biological phenomenon, but a sustainable technology that effectively turns waste into wealth.