شذى فرحان ابوالحوس الفتلاوي

This study evaluates the levels of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in various building materials, including brick, cement, sand, gravel, and gypsum, sourced from Al-Shatra in the Dhi-Qar Governorate of Iraq. Measurements were conducted using a NaI (Tl) detector, which is an effective tool for gamma-ray spectrometry. The average activity concentrations measured were 19.70 ± 6.7 Bqkg−1 for 226Ra, 20.14 ± 3.3 Bqkg−1 for 232Th, and 232.24 ± 91 Bqkg−1 for 40K. The calculated mean radium equivalent activity was found to be 66.63 Bqkg−1, which is below the internationally accepted threshold of 370 Bqkg−1. Both the internal hazard index (Hin) and the external hazard index (Hex) were determined to be less than unity (<1), in accordance with the safe levels recognized by UNSCEAR. Additionally, the average values for the absorbed dose rate (nGyh−1), indoor annual effective dose (mSvy−1), outdoor annual effective dose (mSvy−1), and gamma-ray exposure rate (μRh−1) were estimated to be 59.09, 0.29, 0.07, and 138.83, respectively. These parameters are within acceptable limits when compared to the world-permitted values. Therefore, all types of building materials assessed in this study are considered safe and do not pose a significant threat to public health.

This study evaluates the levels of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in various building materials, including brick, cement, sand, gravel, and gypsum, sourced from Al-Shatra in the Dhi-Qar Governorate of Iraq. Measurements were conducted using a NaI (Tl) detector, which is an effective tool for gamma-ray spectrometry. The average activity concentrations measured were 19.70 ± 6.7 Bqkg−1 for 226Ra, 20.14 ± 3.3 Bqkg−1 for 232Th, and 232.24 ± 91 Bqkg−1 for 40K. The calculated mean radium equivalent activity was found to be 66.63 Bqkg−1, which is below the internationally accepted threshold of 370 Bqkg−1. Both the internal hazard index (Hin) and the external hazard index (Hex) were determined to be less than unity (<1), in accordance with the safe levels recognized by UNSCEAR. Additionally, the average values for the absorbed dose rate (nGyh−1), indoor annual effective dose (mSvy−1), outdoor annual effective dose (mSvy−1), and gamma-ray exposure rate (μRh−1) were estimated to be 59.09, 0.29, 0.07, and 138.83, respectively. These parameters are within acceptable limits when compared to the world-permitted values. Therefore, all types of building materials assessed in this study are considered safe and do not pose a significant threat to public health.

The main sources of natural background radiation are radon, thoron and their progeny, which may cause health risks to humans. Keeping in mind the importance of the subject, three samples each from 10 selected residential areas, including the centre of Babylon Governorate, Iraq, and its districts, were collected. Concentration of radon and thoron was measured using solid-state track detectors (CR-39). The arithmetic means of the concentration of radon and thoron were 47.367±19.56 and 133.246±16.585 Bqm-3, respectively; these values are considered safe when compared with the upper reference level of 200-600 Bqm-3 recommended by the International Commission for Radiological Protection (ICRP). The value of the inhalation equivalent dose from radon gas discovered in these areas with rate 37.893 nSv is less than the value of the global average of 1.15 mSv. This indicates that the risks related to inhalation of radon are low as the lung dose rate (DLung), tracheobronchial region (DT-B), annual effective dose (AED) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) is (1.894 nGyh-1, 22.736 nSv, 0.236 mSvy-1 and 0.835 x10-3), respectively. While the value of the inhalation equivalent dose (IED) from thoron as effective dose to lung DLung, AED and ELCR are equal to (0.133 nSv, 0.167 mSvy-1 and 0.587 x 10-3), respectively. To conclude, the rates in the study area are less than the ICRP recommended level of 3 mSv; therefore, the studied areas are safe from the health risks of inhalation of radon and thoron. Key Words: Radiation, Radon, Lung,

This study assessed the hazard indicators of common chemical and organic fertilizers widely available in the markets of Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The concentrations of natural radionuclides were measured in thirteen types of fertilizers by Gamma spectrum using NaI(Tl) (3*3) detector. The average radioactivity of the nuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K was (48.91, 37.04, and 702.4675) Bq.kg-1, respectively, for (Di-Aluminum Phosphate) the chemical fertilizers of the type (DAP) and the (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) chemical fertilizers of the type (NPK) the average radioactivity of the nuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were (35.78, 42.356 and 1519.653) Bq.kg-1, respectively, while the average radioactivity of the organic fertilizers (Orga.) were 55.153, 23.148 and 1451.258 for the three studied nuclei. As for the average values for radium equivalent were 155.967, 213.363, and 200.0023 (Bq.kg-1) for (DAP), (NPK) and organic fertilizers, respectively. The values of the external severity index (Hex), gamma radiation hazard index (Iγ), and representative alpha index (Iα) were within the permissible limits determined by the UNCEAR 2000. The highest value of total annual effective dose equivalent(TAED) was 1.468 mSv.y-1, the lowest value was 0.302 mSv.y-1, and the mean values were 0.722 mSv.y-1. In contrast, the highest value for annual gonadal dose equivalent(AGED) was 1392.527 μSv.y-1, the lowest value was 275.361 μSv.y-1, and the average values for all models were 672.135 μSv.y-1. The Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR), the highest value was 4.039 × 10-3, the lowest value was 0.833× 10-3, and the average value was 1.988× 10-3 for all fertilizers. The Pearson correlation between radioactive variables and cluster analysis was recognized for the three types of fertilizer samples despite it not being widely accepted. The study can be considered preliminary data for subsequent studies.

Abstract . Flour is a nutritious type of food that is widely consumed by various age groups in Iraq. This study investigates the presence of long-lived gamma emitters in different type of flour in Iraqi market. Uranium (238U), Thorium (232Th) and Potassium (40K) specific activity in (Bq.kg-1) were estimated in (15) unique kinds of flours that are accessible in Iraqi markets. The gamma spectrometry method with a NaI(Tl) detector has been utilized for radiometric measurements. Likewise right now have determined the internal hazard index. It is found that the specific activity in Flour samples were varied from (13.73±1.89) Bq.kg-1 to (2.60±0.30) Bq.kg-1 with an average (8.75) Bq.kg-1 for 238U, For 232Th From (67.79±0.44) Bq.kg-1 to (9.96±0.14) Bq.kg-1 with an average (21.88) Bq.kg-1 and for 40K from (2680.74 ± 23.60) Bq.kg-1 to (283.70±3.41) Bq.kg-1 with an average (133.09) Bq.kg-1. Also, it is found that the Outdoor and indoor annual effective absorbed dose equivalent also (Hin) hazard indices was (0.302±0.014) and average annual committed effective dose(0.2205±0.030) mSv.y-1 in the flour samples . This study prove that the natural radioactivity and radiation danger records were low also estimated cancer risk has no significant health hazard in Iraqi Flour.

In this study,some electrical properties (electrical conductivity ,specific resistance.molar conductivity and degree of dissociation)were measured for natural polymer

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