سامر عبد الصاحب محمدحسين الهلالي

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Purpose: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are among the most important pathogens infecting children worldwide and are one of the main causes of diarrhoea. The study was carried out to investigate the occurrence of EPEC as a cause of infectious diarrhoea in children younger than 2 years of age and characterize their virulence genes. Materials and Methods: During the study period, a total of 656 faecal specimens from children with diarrhoea and 54 from healthy children were analyzed. E. coli isolates were serotypically identified with EPEC polyvalent and monovalent antisera. The isolated EPEC were examined for the presence of the attaching and effacing (eaeA), bundle‑forming pilus (bfpA), Shiga like toxins (stx 1 and stx ), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli enterohaemolysin (EHEC hlyA) and EPEC adherence factor (EAF) genes by the PCR assay. Results: The study has shown that 22 (3.4%) had diarrhoea due to EPEC, while no EPEC isolates were detected in asymptomatic children. The highest number of the EPEC isolated belonging to polyvalent 2. The primers encoding virulence genes were subjected to all the EPEC isolates. 2 Only 9.1%, 27.3%, and 9.1% isolates gave positive re sults with intimin (eaeA), bfbA and (EAF) genes, respectively. None of the isolates were positive for stx 1 , stx 2 , and hlyA genes. Typical EPEC (eaeA + , bfpA ) was diagnosed in two isolates, while, atypical EPEC was manifested in four isolates. Conclusions: According to the results, the frequency of EPEC isolates in Najaf was lower than what has been suspected and the investigation including the use of molecular technique and serotyping, are necessary to allow precise identification and epidemiological study of these pathogens.

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Aim: This study was designed to investigate the occurrence of serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen, in gallbladder samples from cattle and sheep. Materials and Methods: Three hundred samples were collected and screened for the presence of L. monocytogenes. The identification of the isolates was confirmed by API-Listeria system and by the presence of hemolysin (hyl) gene. The isolates were subjected to polymerase chain reaction-based serotype identification with d1 (division 1), d2 (division 2), glt, mama (mismatch amplification mutation assay), and flaA (flagellin protein) genes. Results: A total of 8 (2.7%) L. monocytogenes were recovered from 6 (4.0%) samples of sheep and 2 (1.3%) samples of cattle. All isolates showed positive results with Hly primers. Four isolates carried d1 gene, did not possess glt gene and harbored mama gene. The serotypes of these isolates were identified as 4a or 4c. The other 4 isolates carried d2 gene, 3 of them were positive with the FlaA primers, and hence, determined to be a 1/2a or 3a serotype, and 1 isolate was determined to be 1/2c or 3c serotype. Conclusion: This study concluded that the presence of 1/2a serotype in gallbladder samples indicates public health risk through cross-contamination of meat at slaughterhouses

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants in ciprofloxacin-Resistance Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients in Najaf. Methods: A total of 134 non-duplicate isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli (n=60) and K. pneumoniae (n=74) from clinical isolates cultures were obtained. The qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and qepA genes were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The study was revealed out of 134 non-repetitive quinolones resistant E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates, 46(76.6%) E. coli and 47 (66.7%) K. pneumoniae isolates had at least one PMQR quinolones resistant gene. 22 (16.4%) qnrB-positive isolates were identified, including 5 (8.33%) E. coli, and 17(23%) K. pneumoniae, 8(5.97%) qnrS were identified, including 7(11.7%) E. coli, and 1(1.4%) K. pneumoniae, 3(2.2%) qnr A were identified, including 1(1.6%) E. coli, and 22(2.7%) K. pneumoniae, 3 qepA-positive isolates were identified, including 3(4.1%) K. pneumoniae. The aac (6′)-Ib-cr variant gene was detected in 85(63.4%) including 46(79.7%) E. Coli and 39 (52.7%) of the clinical isolates K. Pneumoniae. Conclusion: This study detected several of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolated, many of them detected for the first time in Najaf, Iraq, like qnrA, qnrB, qnrS genes with predominance of qnrB gene, in addition to qepA gene in K. pneumoniae.

Worldwide, Infections related to healthcare are frequently caused by multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that are resistant to many drugs produce infections that can be treated with carbapenems, although its use is threatened by the emergence of carbapenemase-producing strains. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa In Baghdad hospitals, by conducting susceptibility test and identification of carpenemase genes harbored by the isolates. 125 samples were collected from various clinical sources, and 68 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed. Susceptibility tests showed that 35 isolates were carbapenem-resistant. The carbapenemase genes blaOXA-48, blaKPC and blaVIM were found in 5.7%, 2.9% and 22.9%, respectively, and the blaOXA-48 and blaVIM genes were coexpressed in one isolate, blaIMP was not observed in the isolates. For the efficient treatment of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, epidemiological and geographic evaluation of carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be taken into consideration.

Metallo-lactamases (MBL) have the ability to hydrolyze, carbapenems, which are crucial medications used to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, To effectively treat infections brought on by this bacterium, quick detection of the MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa is required. In this study, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis was used to examine the prevalence of MBL-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn and non-burn patients, 68 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from different clinical sources from two hospitals in Baghdad. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed and carbapenem-resistant isolates were identified. The carbapenem-resistant isolates were subjucted to PCR for detection of carbapenem-resisnt genes. Among the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 50% were meropenem and 39% were imipenem, Among all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, 63.23% were identified as multidrug-resistant isolats. 51.5% were resistant to carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem), It has been determined blaVIM, blaSPM and blaNDM in 22.9%, 2.9% and 5.7% respectively blaIMP were not observed. For the efficient treatment of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa infections, epidemiological and geographic evaluation of MBL-producing P. aeruginosa should be taken into consideration

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