salwa hamzia hussien AL-hassnawy

The current study is a comparative anatomical study of species of the Poaceae family growing in different regions of Iraq, namely Ammochloa palaestina Boiss., Schismus barbatus Thell., Schismus arabica Nees. , Arundo donax L., and Cymbopogon bakeri cont. The anatomical study included the anatomy of the spikelet. The results of the current study showed that the anatomical features are of great taxonomic importance and help in isolation and diagnosis, through the many variations shown by the anatomical characteristics of the studied species. The spikelet pedicels showed important anatomical characteristics in terms of the epidermis, as the species were similar in terms of thickness and rippling of the epidermis, with the exception of A.palaestina, whose epidermal cells were of medium thickness, and A.donax, which was straigh Spiklete pedicels were characterized by the presence of stomata, as the stomata differed in their dimensions, numbers, and shapes, in addition to their arrangement, which was considered an important characteristic in isolation and diagnosis. The stomata are also organized in such a way that only one long cell separates one stomata from another and has been recorded in the species S. arabica except for the species A.donax, S. barbatus, A.Palaestina and C. bakeri, where two long cells separate between them, separated by one short cell or more than two cells. two long. The epidermis also varied in the shapes, numbers and distribution of short cells, as the type S. barbatus was unique in not containing cork cells associated with a silica cell compared with other species, while the two types C. pakeri and A.donax were unique in containing only cork cells associated with a silica cell paired with another pair of cells, which was considered an important taxonomic characteristic. The surface cover of the epidermis of the alveoli was represented by only one type, which is thorns. The thorns varied in size between medium and large, and were characterized by their elongated oval base. The thorns were generally distributed between and between the veins, and this characteristic did not show any difference between the studied species except for the type A. palaestina, which Unique not to contain thorns. All these characteristics contributed to the addition of distinctive characteristics to each species, important in isolating and diagnosing it.

The current research included a comparative anatomical study of two species belonging to the genus Schismus L. is from the Poaceae family and grows wild in Iraq. The two species are Schismus arabicus Nees and Schismus barbatus (L.) Thell. The study included anatomical aspects, the study of anatomical characteristics had taxonomic importance in supporting phenotypic traits in diagnosing and isolating the studied species. As the characteristics of the cross-sections of the spikelet Pedicels were studied, as the sections were circular or semi-circular in shape, and half of them were solid and the other half were hollow. Thus, this characteristic was useful in isolating the two species of genus Schismus by separating the species S. arabica with a solid spikelet Pedicels from the species S. barbatus, which was hollow, as well. The results of the study of the cross-sections of the vegetative parts showed that they contain two tissues, parenchyma and sclerenchyma, and that the method of distribution and arrangement of these tissues varied between the different plant parts and at the level of the studied species The cross-sections of the vesicles of the two genus studied contained vascular bundles of the closed and lateral type. Although they were scattered within the primary tissue, they were distinguished by three patterns of arrangement, The first is represented by small bundles close to the periphery of the Pedicels, Minor or peripheral vascular bundules, as they are submerged in the sclerenchyma tissue under the epidermis, The second is represented by the major vascular bundles or major vascular bundules, which are immersed in the parenchymal tissue, while the third is represented by the vascular bundles that lie between these two arrangements, as the vascular bundles are connected at their apex to the sclerenchyma tissue under the epidermis, while they are surrounded from their sides and the base by the parenchymal tissue, and they are also major bundles. The differentiation of the vascular elements of the wood is more evident in the main bundles than in the peripheral bundles

The aim is Comparative Pharm-Chemical Study for Leaves and Bark of Ziziphius spina Christi L. Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The Biochemical study dealt with the chemical content of the leaves and bark of the stem of the studied Ziziphius spina Christi.L, as the medicinal-chemical compounds were diagnosed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/Mass) by comparing the chemical content. appearance of the repetition of some chemical compound Hexen-2-one,3-methyl- , Oxalic acid, allyl pentyl ester, Cyclobutane,1-cyclopropyl-2-ethenyle-, Propane,1-nitro, was recorded in the leaves and bark of the stem of the Ziziphius spina Christi.L under study, in curved areas and different detention times for the same type by GC-Mass device, as the lowest number of chemical compounds was identified. The (20) compounds in the alcoholic extract of leaves Ziziphius spina Christi.L, while the maximum number of (90) compound was in the alcoholic extract of bark Ziziphius spina Christi.L, and the lowest retention time was (13.360) minutes for the compound N-(Dimethyl thiophosphinyl)ethylamine while the maximum detention time was (24.238) minutes for the compound Furanacetaidemi,N-methyle--in the leaves, while Ziziphius spina Christi.L Bark contained (90) compounds and the minimum retention time was (2.622) minutes for the compound Hexen-2-one,3- methyl-4 and the maximum detention time was (25.841) minutes for the compoundHexanal,4,4- dimethyl-, and by comparing the chemical content of Ziziphius spina Christi.L leaves and bark, only (3) chemical compounds were similar.

The aim is Comparative Pharm-Chemical Study for Leaves and Bark of Ziziphius spina Christi L. Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. The Biochemical study dealt with the chemical content of the leaves and bark of the stem of the studied Ziziphius spina Christi.L, as the medicinal-chemical compounds were diagnosed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/Mass) by comparing the chemical content. appearance of the repetition of some chemical compound Hexen-2-one,3-methyl- , Oxalic acid, allyl pentyl ester, Cyclobutane,1-cyclopropyl-2-ethenyle-, Propane,1-nitro, was recorded in the leaves and bark of the stem of the Ziziphius spina Christi.L under study, in curved areas and different detention times for the same type by GC-Mass device, as the lowest number of chemical compounds was identified. The (20) compounds in the alcoholic extract of leaves Ziziphius spina Christi.L, while the maximum number of (90) compound was in the alcoholic extract of bark Ziziphius spina Christi.L, and the lowest retention time was (13.360) minutes for the compound N-(Dimethyl thiophosphinyl)ethylamine while the maximum detention time was (24.238) minutes for the compound Furanacetaidemi,N-methyle--in the leaves, while Ziziphius spina Christi.L Bark contained (90) compounds and the minimum retention time was (2.622) minutes for the compound Hexen-2-one,3- methyl-4 and the maximum detention time was (25.841) minutes for the compoundHexanal,4,4- dimethyl-, and by comparing the chemical content of Ziziphius spina Christi.L leaves and bark, only (3) chemical compounds were similar

The current study is a comparative anatomical study of species of the Poaceae family growing in different regions of Iraq, namely Ammochloa palaestina Boiss., Schismus barbatus Thell., Schismus arabica Nees. , Arundo donax L., and Cymbopogon bakeri cont. The anatomical study included the anatomy of the spikelet. The results of the current study showed that the anatomical features are of great taxonomic importance and help in isolation and diagnosis, through the many variations shown by the anatomical characteristics of the studied species. The spikelet pedicels showed important anatomical characteristics in terms of the epidermis, as the species were similar in terms of thickness and rippling of the epidermis, with the exception of A.palaestina, whose epidermal cells were of medium thickness, and A.donax, which was straigh Spiklete pedicels were characterized by the presence of stomata, as the stomata differed in their dimensions, numbers, and shapes, in addition to their arrangement, which was considered an important characteristic in isolation and diagnosis. The stomata are also organized in such a way that only one long cell separates one stomata from another and has been recorded in the species S. arabica except for the species A.donax, S. barbatus, A.Palaestina and C. bakeri, where two long cells separate between them, separated by one short cell or more than two cells. two long. The epidermis also varied in the shapes, numbers and distribution of short cells, as the type S. barbatus was unique in not containing cork cells associated with a silica cell compared with other species, while the two types C. pakeri and A.donax were unique in containing only cork cells associated with a silica cell paired with another pair of cells, which was considered an important taxonomic characteristic. . The surface cover of the epidermis of the alveoli was represented by only one type, which is thorns. The thorns varied in size between medium and large, and were characterized by their elongated oval base. The thorns were generally distributed between and between the veins, and this characteristic did not show any difference between the studied species except for the type A. palaestina, which Unique not to contain thorns. All these characteristics contributed to the addition of distinctive characteristics to each species, important in isolating and diagnosing it

Hepatitis B virus infection is a major public health problem worldwide. The country bears the largest burden in the world in terms of hepatitis B infection and will be a major contributor to the global elimination of hepatitis B disease by 2030. The country has made good progress in reducing hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatitis B virus infection in the past three decades. The achievements are mainly attributable to high vaccination coverage rates among children and high coverage of an appropriate dose of birth vaccine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (both >95%). However, Iraq still faces challenges in achieving its target of reducing hepatitis B mortality by 65% by 2030. Building on the objectives of the WHO Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016-2021, we highlight other priorities for action to eliminate hepatitis B virus in Iraq to achieve the impact goal of reducing mortality, we suggest prioritizing service coverage objectives for diagnosis and treatment. First, there is a need to improve the diagnostic and treatment capabilities of medical institutions and health workers. Second, the government needs to reduce the financial burden of healthcare on patients. Third, there is a need for better coordination across existing national programs and resources to create an integrated prevention and control system that covers prevention, examination, diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection. Hepatitis B across the life cycle In this way, progress can be made towards the goal of eliminating hepatitis B in Iraq by 2030.