صالح حسين كاظم الذبحاوي

Broad- and narrow-leafed weeds are one of the main challenges that hinder the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production expansion due to their competitiveness. The latest study aimed to use different methods that have a perpetual effect on weeds in barley fields. A field experiment on barley ensued during crop seasons 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 in the north of Najaf Province, Iraq. Eight combinations and two treatments of the experiment (manual weed control, herbicides, and seeding rate) progressed using a randomized complete block design with 10 replications. Results showed significant differences between treatments and combinations. Saracen, Axial, and weed-free, with a seeding rate of 160 kg ha-1, provided the lowest weed density and the highest weed control efficiency compared with the control (120 kg ha-1). The use of Saracen, Axial, and weed-free, with a seeding rate of 160 kg ha-1, showed the utmost weed control. Based on HPLC analysis of Saracen and Axial residues, the active substances Florasulam and Pinoxaden appeared to be less than the detected level in the grains and straw of barley, which confirms their safety for human and animal consumption. Using herbicides that inhibit acetolactate synthase (ALS) and Acetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase), combined with increasing seeding rate, boosts efficient weed control in barley fields.

The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the chemical pesticide Cypermethrin and rosemary essential oil (REO) at different concentrations on mortality percentage of nymphs and adults of the cotton aphid on okra crop in the laboratory. Practical experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Cypermethrin pesticide applied at concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1 ml/L and REO applied at concentrations of 1, 1.5 and 2 ml/L on nymphs and adults of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on okra Abelmoschus esculentus. The results of the laboratory study showed that the pesticide Cypermethrin gave the best mortality rate in cotton aphid A. gossypii nymphs at a concentration of 1 ml.L-1, reaching 96.28%, while the lowest rate was at a concentration of 0.5% which resulted in mortality of 77.77% after 72 hours of treatment. Cypermethrin effect on adult insects was similar to its effect on nymphs, as increased concentration resulted in higher mortality rate. As for REO, it recorded the highest percentage of mortality at a concentration of 2 ml/L for aphid nymphs and adults recording 84.00 and 75.00% three days post treatment, respectively, while the plant oil at 1 ml/L recorded the lowest mortality of 68% and 50.88% in aphid nymphs and adults, respectively. It was found that combination 1 + 2 and 1.5 + 1 ml/liter of Cypermethrin and REO resulted in the highestt mortality recording 100% nymph mortality and more that 93% adult mortality 72 hour post treatment of treatment. It is clear from the study that the effectiveness of the pesticide and vegetable oil increases with increasing concentration, that is, there is a direct relationship between the concentrations and the rate of death in the studied aphid insects.

أجريت التجربة في مختبرات كلية الزراعة جامعة الكوفة للفترة 61 / 2 / 2162 ولغاية 22 / 4 / 2162 لدراسة تأثير تراكيز مختلفة من المستخلص المائي البارد والحار لنباتات الشبنت Tamarix والطرفة Catharanthus roseus L.البزون وعين Anethum graveolens َم ّن أوراق الذرة Rhopalosiphum ramosissima لمعرفة النسبة المئوية لهالك بالغات حشرة maidis Fitch. أوضحت نتائج التجربة إن مستخلص الماء البارد لنبات عين البزون .L roseus. C أعطى أعلى % وقد تفوق على بقية المستخلصات معنوياً نسبة قتل لبالغات الحشرة إذ بلغت 12.35 % عند التركيز 22 , أما عند المقارنة بين المستخلص البارد والحار فقد لوحظ إن هناك فروق معنوية واضحة بينهما ,فيما وجد انه بين التراكيز سجلت فروقا 22 على باقي التراكيز ً معنوية إذ وجد إن التركيز % متفوقا وبنسبة ً معنوياً قتل بنسب 38.52 قتل على 21و 62.2 و 1التراكيز عند % 82.22 و82.13 و 22.22 ًمقارنة% التوالي,وسجلت الفترة 22 ساعة بعد المعاملة أفضل الفترات في تحقيق أعلى نسب قتل 22.83 % مقارنة بالفترتين 22 و 23 ساعة والتي أدت إلى نسب قتل بلغت 21.21 و 82.86 , % على التوالي . في حين كان التداخل الرباعي )نوع المستخلص , طريقة االستخالص , تركيز المستخلص و الفترات ( قد أعطى أفضل نسبة قتل 11.12 % تحققت عند المستخلص البارد لنبات عين البزون .L roseus. Cعند التركيز 22 % بعد فترة 22 ساعة وكان هناك فروق معنوية واضحة بين اغلب المعامالت . وأوضح البحث إمكانية استخدام المستخلصات النباتية كعوامل مقاومة حيوية في برامج اإلدارة المتكاملة لآلفات .