sajad Alwan Kitap Alghazali

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widely used endocrine-disrupting chemical that impairs male reproductive health through oxidative stress, hormonal imbalance, and testicular damage. Myristica fragrans (MF), rich in bioactive monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids, has demonstrated antioxidant and hormone-modulating properties, suggesting potential for reproductive protection. Aim: To evaluate the protective and restorative effects of M. fragrans essential oil against BPA-induced reproductive and endocrine toxicity in male rats and to correlate these effects with the oil’s chemical composition as identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Methods: Forty adult male rats were divided into four groups (n = 10): control (distilled water), MF-only (200 mg/ kg/day), BPA-only (50 mg/kg/day), and BPA + MF (co-treatment). All substances were orally administered for 60 consecutive days. Assessments included sperm motility, viability, morphology, and concentration; chromatin and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity (via toluidine blue, aniline blue, and acridine orange stains); serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels; testis weight; and oxidative stress biomarkers total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The essential oil composition was analyzed via GC–MS. Results: BPA exposure significantly impaired sperm quality, disrupted chromatin condensation and DNA integrity, altered hormone levels (↓testosterone, ↑LH), reduced testicular weight, and elevated oxidative stress markers (↑MDA, ↓TAC) (p < 0.001). Co-treatment with MF significantly restored all evaluated parameters to near-normal levels (p < 0.001 vs. BPA). GC–MS analysis identified sabinene (33.55%), α-pinene (23.08%), β-pinene (14.88%), and myristicin (0.84%) as the major constituents. The MF-only group did not significantly differ from controls in the measured endpoints; however, this finding should not be interpreted as evidence of comprehensive safety. Conclusion: MFE improved the measured sperm quality parameters, endocrine profile, oxidative stress biomarkers, and staining-based cytochemical indicators of sperm nuclear quality in rats exposed to high-dose BPA. However, mating performance, pregnancy rate, litter size, and other direct fertility outcomes were not evaluated; therefore, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of improved fertility. The observed improvements in sperm quality, chromatin integrity, hormonal profile, and oxidative stress markers suggest that the antioxidant properties of the oil may be associated with its protective effects. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects require further investigation.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are crucial pattern recognition receptors that initiate inflammatory responses and immunological activation upon detecting pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/DAMPS) in the female reproductive tract, thereby maintaining homeostasis and supporting pregnancy success. Their signaling pathways play a significant role in reproductive disorders by mediating the immune response to various pathogenic stimuli. Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), defined as the natural ending of two or more pregnancies before 24 weeks of gestation, approximately half of these patients remain idiopathic without precise prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic plans. Emerging data point that microRNAs are essential for immunological control in the female reproductive tract. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA and preventing translation into protein. miRNAs play a role in many biological processes, including the development and differentiation of trophoblasts, the activation and implantation of embryos, immune tolerance, and the receptivity of the endometrium during implantation. Given their capacity to regulate up to 30 % of the human genome, miRNAs offer a promising avenue for understanding the immunopathogenesis of pregnancy complications. Recent research has detected differential expression of specific miRNAs in reproductive system pathologies. This review focuses on microRNAs and their association with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage, a condition characterized by considerable heterogeneity

ABSTRACT In this work, the effect of radon gas on histological change in ovary of female’ rats were studied. there are four dose exposure of radon gas (3063.05 Bq, 4546.86 Bq, 5265.65 Bq, and 613.85 Bq) were used at four groups of females’ rats which it is 4-day, 8-day, 12 day, and 16 days, respectively. The results show that, the body weight is no significant (P>0.05) for rates in all groups exposed by radon gas in compare with control group. Also, this result of diameter of ovary, primary follicles, secondary follicles number of Graafian follicles of ovary show significant decrease (P<0.05) in groups exposed by radon gas in compare with control group, while the number corpus luteum is increased. Therefore, it may be concluded that the dose exposure of radon gas was highly effect on histological change in ovary and may be cause infertility in female rats.