سحر محمد جواد عبد العظيم الغراوي

Chitin is the most substantial natural polysaccharide after cellulose, found in the shells of crabs, shrimps, and other crustaceans. Several medical and environmental applications have been recognized for chitosan. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of laboratory-prepared chitosan from shrimp shells against pathogenic bacteria isolates. In the present study, chitosan was extracted from chitin acetate of shrimp shells at different temperatures (room temperature, 65 and 100 ° C) for equal amounts of shells at specified time intervals. The degree of acetylation of different treatments of RT1, RT2, and RT3 reached 71%, 70%, and 65%, respectively. The laboratory-prepared chitosan was examined and antibacterial properties were observed against clinical isolates of bacterial causative agents of urinary tract infections (E. coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Pseudomonas spp., Citrobacter freundii, and Enterobacter spp.). The inhibitory activity of all types of treatments ranged between 12 to 25 mm for all isolates with the highest for Enterobacter spp. and the lowest for Pseudomonas isolates. The results also indicated a large relative discrepancy between the inhibitory activity of laboratory-prepared chitosan and antibiotics. These results were in the S-R range of the isolates. The similarity of laboratory production conditions and treatments is due to the different proportions of chitin formed in shrimp, environmental conditions, nutrition factors, pH, the extent of heavy metals in the water, and the age of the organism.

Microcin was extracted and formulated from Citrobacter spp. isolated from a healthy human. The results showed that there is a deleterious effect on the survival of khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), which is a major pest of stored grains. Microcin has been used as Bio-insecticides to overcome the disadvantages of chemical pesticides. Biological control is one of the main components of IPM in recent years. This laboratory study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of antibiotic microcin. The oral delivery of microcin caused a dose-dependent effect, with 100% mortality of adult at concentrations of 62.5mg/ml after 10 days. Moreover, the toxicity of microcin was tested against the larvae, T. granarium which caused 30% mortality at 500 mg/ml after 10 days. Larvae were more tolerant than adults to the microcin. This study demonstrates the potential power of using microcin as a new approach for the control of T. granarium. Also, the results of this study showed that the germination of wheat grains treated with different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/ml) of microcin did not affect by the microcin treatment.

Abstract Back ground: Microcins are ribosomal synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced principally by bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family that are active against other bacteria, either in the same species (narrow spectrum), or across genera (broad spectrum) that share the same ecological niche. Objective: The ability of the Enterobacteriaceae to produce microsines. Materials and methods: One hundred urine samples have been collected from patients suffering from UTI whom admitted to Al Hakim Hospital in AL-Najaf City during the period from 17October 2017 to 13 February 2018. Results: The results of PCR technique for amplification show that all isolates were possess mic N by appearance of amplicon with molecular weight 938 bp while 46 (76%) isolates were possess mic N1and 24 (40%) isolates were possess mic N2 gene by appearance of amplicon with molecular weight 368 bp and 167 bp respectively.Cross-streak activity assay was used to detect the selected strains with antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: some isolates have one or more gene microcin encoded of , however, microcin N is present in all isolates.

The present study involved isolation and characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii from patients suffering from urinary tract infection (UTI), wound infection and vaginitis . A total of 200 clinical samples were collected from patients admitted to AlZahraa hospital, Al- Hakeem hospital and Al – Sadder teaching city from September 2011 to January 2012. Identification of isolates has been carried out depending on biochemical test and polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) . Our study proved that PCR technique depending on rpoB gene was a specific method for identification of A.baumannii compared with gyrB gene in which 26 isolates have been identified which included 13 (36%) isolates from UTI, 7 (19%) isolates from wounds infection and 5 (13%) isolates from vaginitis. Keyword : (Acinetobacter baumannii , urinary tract infection , PCR , gyrB gene, wounds infection ).

department of Animal Resources in the Agriculture college/University of kufa in 22/11/2013. The study aim is to prevent broilers from Coccidioses disease by treating the litters with water extract of Citrullus colocynthis using no litter as control treatment and three concentrations of the extract, 0.015, 0.01 and 0.02 g/ml, T, T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Infected 26 days chicken were randomly distributed on the four traits and fed on regular feed contains 22% protein with 3200 kcal/kg till marketing age, 42 days. The T3 treatment significantly (P<0.05) differed from the three other treatments giving the highest liveliness tests and the lowest mortality. T1, T2 and T3 statistically differed between each other but the three treatments significantly differed from the control in terms of liveliness tests. This experiment showed that the concentration 0.02 g/ml of fruits extract was the best in killing all Oocytes in the litters during a period of five to six weeks of breeding. Key words: Coccidioses disease , citrullus colocynths.

ان استخدام المركب الحاوي على العناصر الغذائية الصغرى وبالتراكيز 0.1 ، 0.2 ، 0.3 سم3 /75 سم3 المضافة الى الوسط الزرعي P.D.A. شجعت نمو الفطر T.harzianum بزيادة 21.43 ، 32.14 ، 46.43 % على التوالي ، كما ادت الى زيادة التجرثم على نفس الوسط بنسب 36.09 ، 54.81 ، 28.95 % على التوالي ايضاً . اما الفطر R.solani فكان تشجيع العناصر له اقل في التركيزين 0.1 ، 0.2 بينما ثبط في التركيز 0.3 نمو الفطر المذكور بنسبة 10.53 % . اوضحت النتائج ان بذور الدخن المعاملة بالعناصر الغذائية والنامي عليها الفطر T.harzianum + R.s. والمضافة الى التربة اعطت حماية اعلى من البذور غير المعاملة والنامي عليها الفطر T.harzianum ضد الفطر R. solani ، فكانت نسب الانبات ، موت البادرات وتعفن البذور (75.67 ، 2.67 ، 8.0 %) و (70.67 ، 8.33 ، 13.33 %) على التوالي لكلا المعاملتين . اكدت النتائج ان معاملات الفطر T. harzianum النامي على بذور الدخن المعززة بالعناصر العذائية والمضافة الى التربة اعطت افضل مؤشرات للنمو ، فوجد ان معدل طول النبات ، الوزن الطري والجاف لكل من المجموع الخضري والجذري في معاملة الفطرT. harzianum النامي على بذور الدخن المعاملة بالعناصر الغذائية هي 11.6 سم ، (1.34 ، 0.78 غم ) و (0.39 ، 0.16 غم) على التوالي قياساً بنفس المعاملة التي لم تعزز فيها البذور بالعناصر الغذائية فكانت 10.5 سم ، (1.11 سم ، 0.53 غم) و (0.32 ، 0.13 غم) على التوالي ايضاً. وجد بصورة عامة ان العناصر الغذائية في معاملة الفطر T.harizanum وبوجود الفطر الممرض R.solani قللت من تعفن البذور وموت البادرات مقارنة بنفس المعاملة ولكن بدون وجود العناصر الغذائية .