Rihab Hameed Abdul Sahib Almudhafar

ABSTRACT Background: Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is considered the main important factor that determined the morbidity and mortality in many disorders as example acute kidney injury (AKI), myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic stroke and sepsis. In certain situations as major surgery and organ transplantation, IRI is considered the main challenge that affected on healing and clinical outcomes. During ischemia, there is reduction in blood supply to ischemic organ and this will lead to poorly supply of oxygen (hypoxia) and nutrients and decrease the discharge of metabolic waste products and so will lead to accumulate carbon dioxide (CO2) and other debris. Severe ischemia and hypoxia for long time lead to micro-vascular changing in structure and dysfunction. When the ischemic tissue is reperfused by rapidly new blood that rich in oxygen and nutrient this will lead to micro vascular injury that is occur due to increase vascular permeability and leakage of fluid and protein from the capillaries to tissues lead to edema and damage. Also when the rapidly reperfusion occurred by highly oxygenated and nutrient blood to ischemic or damaging tissues lead to releasing of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from endothelial layer of capillaries and potentiate the inflammatory process and releasing of inflammatory mediators and factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)and also releasing matrix metalloproteinase 9 enzyme (MMP9), complement protein and inflammatory or immunity cells as Neutrophil, macrophage, lymphocyte and others. Objective: This experimental research is done to investigate the possible Nephroprotective effect of Olmesartanon bilateral renal I/R injury in male rats through determining several renal function biomarkers as U & C, several inflammatory mediators as TNFα and MMP-9, antioxidant markers as TAC, several apoptotic markers as BCL-2 and BAX and also through histopathology scores. Materials and Method: In this study, 20 adult Wister Albino rats were used with 20-24 weeks in age and weighing 200-350 g. The adult rats were divided randomly into equal 4 groups (5 rats in each group) as the following: 1. Sham group: All 5 rats underwent the same anesthetic and surgical procedures for an identical period of time for ischemia and reperfusion without ischemia reperfusion induction. Renal tissues and blood samples were collected. 2. Control group: All 5 rats underwent median laparotomy under anesthesia, followed by 30min bilateral renal ischemia, and then renal tissues and blood samples were collected after 2h of reperfusion. 3. Vehicle group: All 5 rats pretreated with intraperitoneally injection of DMSO 30 min before ischemia reperfusion injury and undergo bilateral renal ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 2 hours. 4. Olmesartan treated group: All 5 rats were pretreated with by intraperitoneally injection of Olmesartan 10 mg/kg 30 min before ischemia reperfusion injury and undergo bilateral renal ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 2 hours. Results: At the end of this experimental study, we showed that the serum level of U & C and tissue level of TNFα, MMP-9and BAX in sham group are significantly lowered than those in control and vehicle groups, also we showed that the serum level of U & C and tissue level of TNFα, MMP-9and BAX in OLM group is significantly lowered than those of control and vehicle groups. On the other hand, we showed that the tissue level of TAC and Bcl-2 in sham group are significantly higher than those in both control and vehicle groups. Also we showed that the tissue level of TAC and Bcl-2 in OLM group is significantly higher than those of both control and vehicle groups. In histopathology examination, we revealed that the OLM can significantly reduce the kidney injury and minimize the severity of tubular damage and deterioration in comparison with control and vehicle groups that are showed severe renal injury and tubular damage. Conclusion: From the overall results, we approved that the OLM is significantly reduce renal I/R injury in the bilateral renal I/R in adult male rats via their pleiotropic effects as anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

ABSTRACT Background: Hair loss is considered important dermatological condition happened in both sexes but more affected on male. Hair loss is complex situation correlated with cosmetics issues especially in women. The current regimes have numerous limitations and serous side effect, so should be searching more convenient therapy with less side effect and more efficacy. The recent studies illustrated the positive correlation of elevation the level of total antioxidant status with improvement hair regeneration in hair follicle. Also the current research revealed the significant correlation between reduction of lipid peroxidation markers like F2 isoprostane and enhancement of hair growth. Melatonin has indoleamine molecule with antioxidant and vasodilatation activities. It has a central role in improvement hair growth by acting as capturing of ROS and decreasing both DNA damage and apoptosis mechanism via antioxidant properties. Objective: This research aimed to investigate the hair regeneration effect of melatonin in reducing hair loss in mice model by serial photographs, histological examination and measuring of peroxidation and oxidative stress markers (F2 isoprostane, total antioxidant activity) by Elisa assay in animal model and assess the efficacy for them. Materials and Method: In this study, 20 adult Wister Albino mice were used with 6-7 weeks in age and weighing 25-35 g. Coat hairs on the dorsal skin of male mice were gently clipped by electrical machine and then stained by using commercial dye. The adult mice were divided randomly into equal 4 groups (5 mice in each group) as the following: 1. Ethanol group: Considered as a control group, All 5 mice treated with the vehicle solution absolute ethanol alcohol, 0.3 ml applied by a micropipette to the uncover skin then spread by means of swab once daily for 3 weeks. Then skin tissue was collected after 3 weeks of study. 2. Minoxidil treated group: All 5 mice treated with Minoxidil solution 5%, 0.3 ml was applied to the denuded skin by a micropipette once daily for 3 weeks for. Then skin tissue was collected after 3 weeks of study. 3. Melatonin treated group: All 5 mice treated with MT solution 0.1%, 0.3 ml was applied to the denuded skin by a micropipette once daily for 3 weeks. Then skin tissue was collected after 3 weeks of application. 4. Melatonin plus Minoxidil treated group: All 5 mice treated with equal amounts of MX solution 5% + MT 0.1%, 0.3 ml of the mixed solutions is applied by a micropipette once daily for 3 weeks for all 5 mice. Then skin tissue was collected after 3 weeks of application. Results: At the end of this experimental study, we showed that the tissue level of F2-IsoPs in MX, MT and MT plus MX groups are significantly lowered than those in control (Ethanol) groups. Also we showed that the serum tissue level of TAC in MX, MT and MT plus MX groups is significantly higher than those of control (Ethanol) groups, but the MT and MT plus MX treated group are more significant than MX treated group in elevation of level TAC. On the other hand, we showed that the hair growth and enlargement of hair follicle in MX, MT and MT plus MX groups are significantly increased than those in control groups. Also we showed that the tissue level of is significantly higher than those of both control and vehicle groups. In histology examination, we revealed that the MT and MX are resulted insignificantly increase in number of hair follicle in comparison with control, however, the number of hair follicle significantly increased in group treated with combination of MT plus MX when compared to control group. Conclusion: From the overall results, we approved that the Melatonin is significantly reduce hair loss in adult male mice via their pleiotropic effects as anti-estrogenic, anti-oxidant and vasodilatation activities.

Abstract Background: Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of mortality and disability worldwide. Limitation of cerebral blood flow due to thrombosis can cause ischemic stroke that in turn affect cellular homeostasis due to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply. Aims: Re establishment of cerebral blood flow can cause further deterioration of ischemic brain tissue by a series of inflammatory, apoptotic and oxidative events resulting in cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury which in turn leads to neuronal cell death and neurological impairments. Methods and materials: This study was carried out to evaluate the potential neuroprotective effects of Resatorvid in a global model of cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. A 24 Wistar-albino rats (weighing 200-300 grams) were divided randomly into 3 groups (n= 8 in each group), a sham (negative control) group, control (ischemic reperfusion group) and Resatorvid group (1mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Rats were exposed to 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 1 hour of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion, rats were sacrificed and brain tissue samples were obtained for histopathological scoring and inflammatory markers measuring. Tissue levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b), IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) were significantly lower in Resatorvid pre-treated group as compared to control group (p>0.05) in addition the histopathological score in Resatorvid group were much lower than the control group. Results: we see that administration of Resatorvid can be useful preventive method in attenuating the degree of brain injury during ischemic reperfusion process as shown by a significant reduction of brain inflammatory markers and lower histopathological damage in comparison with control group. Conclusion: the results of the present study revealed that pre-treatment with Resatorvid could confer neuroprotection in global cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury due to it is anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

Background: Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs when the blood supply to tissue diminishes and subsequentlyrestore. Thebasicpathophysiologyinvolves reactive oxygen species, robust inflammation, and induction of cell death pathways terminated in organ dysfunction.Renal ischemia-reperfusion isamajorcause of acute kidney injury (AKI) that occurs in clinical conditions implicates the challenge such as in transplantation surgery, renal artery stenosis, sepsis, cardiopulmonary bypass, and trauma. Objectives: This study was undertaken to investigate the potential protective effect of Vinpocetine (alkaloid extract of a periwinkle plant)on bilateral renal IRI in male rats, throughstudy theeffectivenessofVinpocetineonrenal function, it’s possible role in modulation of the inflammatory cascade, and its anti-oxidant & anti apoptotic effect.

Background: The World Health Organization has officially acknowledged the emergence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), attributed to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, as a rapidly escalating global public health issue and declared it a pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to varied and multiorgan pathologies, with the most notable impacts occurring in the lungs (characterized by phases of diffuse alveolar damage, microthrombi, and bronchopneumonia), heart (involving lymphocytic myocarditis), kidney (resulting in acute tubular injury), and vasculature (involving microthrombi and deep vein thrombi). Objectives: To summarize, resolve contradiction and provide solid evidence on multiorgan histopathological changes caused by SARS-CoV2 infection. Material and method: Histological data obtained from autopsy and biopsy studies were gathered following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review (PRISMA). An extensive electronic search was conducted on databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar, covering the period from database inception to March 2022. The collected studies underwent a systematic literature search, and a thorough critical review was performed. Result: After excluding studies that did not meet the eligibility criteria, a total of 58 articles were included in the review. We estimate the histopathological findings of 13 organ. For the pool proportion of exudative, proliferative and fibrotic phase of diffuse alveolar damage of lung is (70.666%, 56.126% and 33.031%) respectively. For liver steotosis is 35.808%. For acute tubular injury of kidney is 74.872%. For adrenal cortical necrosis is 13.113%. For brain gliosis is 13.865%. For heart necrosis is 5.477%. For gastrointestinal tract the pool proportion of inflammatory cells infiltration is 6.171%. For placental infarction is 25.684%. For orchitis is 29.019%. For perivascular inflammation of skin is 35.176%. For lymphocytic depletion of white pulp of spleen is 69.204%. For hemophagiocytosis of lymph node is 7.022%. For bone marrow fibrosis is 8.473%. Conclusion: COVID-19 is characterized as a multiorgan infection closely associated with a hyperinflammatory state, believed to initiate with diffuse alveolar damage and immuno-thrombotic microangiopathy. The extensive activation of the immune system and microvascular damage may contribute to indirect harm to other organs, although the direct impact of the virus on these tissues cannot be ruled out.