رانية شاكر صاحب الانصاري

النطق هو أحد أهم المها ا رت التي يتعلمها الطالب في المدرسة. يتأثر بشكل كبير بعوامل رئيسية مثل لغتهم الأم والمعلمين والتعرض. يرتكب الطلاب أيضًا أخطاء في النطق لبعض أصوات لغتهم الأم. يفترض الباحث في هذه الد ا رسة أن هناك عوامل رئيسية تؤثر على نطق الطلاب لأصواتهم الأصلية وكذلك أصوات الهدف. من المهم جدًا معالجة هذه العوامل من أجل أن تتضح للمعلمين والباحثين الأسباب الكامنة و ا رء انخفاض درجات الطلاب في النطق ومواقفهم السلبية تجاه تعلم لغة أجنبية

Hedging is a linguistic phenomenon used to convey interpersonal messages in spoken interaction. It is a communicative strategy which enables speakers to soften the force of utterances or moderate the assertive force of utterances. It is resulted from different features such as uncertainty, doubt, tentativeness, ambiguity, neutrality, mitigation, and subjectivity. Hedging is used widely in TV debates to make utterances more acceptable to the interlocutors. Hedges are expressions used to communicate the speaker's weak commitment to information conveyed. The utterances in debates are often hedged because in an unhedged form might sound threatening to the addressees, and, therefore, be likely to be rejected.

Sarcasm as a linguistic strategy is universal property of all languages which means it can be found in any language. However this research proposes a pragmatic study of sarcasm in English Language, American TV shows. Sarcasm could also be pragmatically defined by linking it to Grice's Maxims which mean that the utterance is violating one of Grice's maxims to communicate something indirectly. This approach suggest that sarcasm is a vital notion in spoken and written language. It shows that the utterance is used to achieve another purpose that is not literal.