Rafid Muzahem Abdulaali Al-Shemary

هدف البحث إلى عزل وتحديد الفطور المنتجة للسموم الفطرية من الفستق الحلبي (Pistacia vera)، البندق الآسيوي (Corylus heterophylla)، ذرة الفشار (Zea mays) والكاجو (Anacardium occidentale)، وإمكانية الحد منها باستخدام زيت الخردل. أظهرت النتائج وجود سبعة أنواع من الفطور كان Aspergillus niger أكثرها تردداً تلاه الفطر Penicillium sp.ثم الفطور Fusarium sp.،Alternaria sp. ،Cladosporium sp. ،Mucor sp. ، و Rhizoctonia solani، على التوالي. كما بينت نتائج التحليل الكيميائي بتقنية كروماتوغرافيا الصفائح الرقيقة (TLC)، أن 19 عزلة من مجموع 30 عزلة للفطرA. niger كانت منتجة للسم أوكراتوكسين A. وأظهر زيت الخردل فعالية عالية ضد نمو الفطر A. niger المختبر على وسط المستنبت الغذائي بطاطا/بطاطس-دكستروز-آجار (PDA)، وكانت الفروق معنوية في معدل النمو القطري للفطر وفي النسبة المئوية للتثبيط للمعاملات المستعملة قياساً بمعاملة المقارنة (الشاهد). وازدادت النسبة المئوية للتثبيط مع زيادة تركيز الزيت النباتي المستخدم وذلك لزيادة تركيز المادة الفعالة في المستخلصات ضد الفطر الممرض، وبالتالي زيادة نسبة تثبيط الفطر. وكانت أعلى نسبة تثبيط عند التركيز 15% حيث بلغ 59.25%، تلاها التركيزين 5 و 10% حيث بلغت نسبة التثبيط 48.14 و 53.08%، على التوالي.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using biocontrol fungi - Trichoderma harzianum. Australian (T.h.a). and Trichoderma harzianum. tahadi(T.h.t) and Chaetumium elatum( C.e) isolates on contents of rice leaves ) Oryza sativa L. (class jasmine of phenols, alkaloids, and hormones( zeatin, gibberellic acid, indol acitic acid). To attaining these aims, two experements were carryied out in two regions at Rice Research Center(RRC), and Agriculture college - AL-Najaf province. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: The suspension (10)-4 of biocontrol agent T.h.a gave a significant difference in concentrations of phenols in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 0.378, 0.363 ppm in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 0.251,0.245 ppm, respectively. T.h.a. gave a significant differences in concentrations of alkaloids in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached 1.67,1.51 µg/ml in RRC and college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave 1.19,1.15 µg/ml., respectively T.h.a attained the highest concentrations of hormones ( zeatin, gebberllic acid, indol acitic acid) in rice leaves for treatment: Soil + hay + NP + T.h.a which reached (0.0941, 53.84, 0.287) ppm, at RRC and (0.0835, 44.52, 0.268) ppm for college of agriculture fields, in compare with control treatment which gave ( 0.0712, 51.12, 0.210) ppm with RRC and (0.0523, 42.10, 0.174)ppm for college of agriculture, respectively.

Abstract: The study was aimed to assess the performance of the Iraqi commercial probiotics and the bio-control agent in T. harzianum controlling seed rot and seedling death of faba bean caused by . The probiotics resulted in complete inhibition of Rhizoctonia solani R. solani fungal growth biomass on PDB medium compared to 6.5and 8.3g biomass of on treated and untreated medium with the T. harzianum probiotics, respectively. In dual culture test, possessed high antagonistic ability against the pathogenic , resulted in T. harzianum R. solani stopping the growth after four days of incubation, while the growth of continued to ten day of incubation. Upon testing the effect of T harzianum the pathogen on faba bean seeds viability in the plastic pots experiment, the results showed that the presence of the pathogenic R. solani caused 60% reduction in the germination rate over the control in the absence of other control factors. The presence of , probiotics, T. harzianum or both together, resulted in a germination of 93 to 100% even with the presence of the pathogen. The plant shoot length was maximum in T. harzianum T. harzianum alone with significant difference from control, but did not differ from the treatment of prebiotics alone or combined with in the ab

Abstract Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most prevalent fungal diseases present in fruits and vegetables worldwide. Four Botrytis isolates collected from different sites in Al-Najaf province in Iraq were identified morphologically and confirmed by molecular analysis using ITS3- ITS4 region. Pathogenicity test was performed on detached leaves and strawberry fruit to determine the most pathogenic Botrytis isolates. Lesion diameter was the highest when detached leaves and fruit were inoculated with Bc1. However, the development of resistant isolates and people concern for food safety leads to explore new strategies for controlling postharvest disease. In current study, the effect of Sodium bicarbonate (SB) with Vinegar on B.cinerea using Bc1 isolate as a model of high virulence was evaluated. Complete inhibition of fungal mycelium and spore germination were achieved by SB-vinegar mixture at 50 mM. Fungicidal activity was validated by quantification of soluble proteins released from treated mycelium with different concentrations of SB-Vinegar mixture. Gray mold severity on inoculated strawberry fruit was significantly reduced by dipping diseased fruit in SB-Vinegar mixture at 50 mM for 10 min. SB-Vinegar mixture is safe compounds for human health and promising alternative approach to other fungicides for controlling postharvest- gray mold disease of strawberry caused by B.cinerea.

Abstract: An experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture-University of Muthana to evaluate effectiveness of three commercial insecticide (cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin and mixture of Grand and C-More 3:5) in comparison with sow thistle extract Euphorbia peplus against the black bean aphid and green peach aphid . The cypermethrin was more effective than alpha Aphis fabae Myzus persicae - cypermethrin against resulting in the higher mortality while against . alpha-cypermethrin proved more effective. Aphis fabae Myzus persicae Sonchus oleraceus water extracted was comparable to the insecticides against both insect pests. Generally, the mortality rate increased as the concentration of plant extract increases. Plant extracted at concentration of 100% did not differ from the 75% resulting in the highest mortality with significant difference from the 50 and 25% concentrations