رائد عبد الحسن عبود البعنون

Abstract This is a groundbreaking work that aims at expounding, through Aristotle's Triangle, the persuasion/argumentative devices in Imam Hussein's sermons on the day of Ashura, the day of his martyrdom. In this battle, two sides are seen; on one side, there is Yazid's army whose concern is to subjugate Hussein to paying allegiance to their king, or otherwise would pay his life. On the other hand, there is Hussein and his companions who attempt to dissuade their enemy, by means of rhetorical persuasive sermons, from embarking on the disgrace of massacring the Prophet's family. The sermons of Hussein were persuasive enough to make Hurr, one of Yazid's commanders, turn sides to Hussein, fight in his path, and eventually die in his cause (Abu Mikhnaf, 2001; Hazelton, 2010). The study reveals that the three corners of Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle are maintained in Ashura's sermons in association with other rhetorical devices. Keywords Keywords: Ashura battle, argumentativeness, Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle, Imam Hussein, persuasion, Arabic poetics, rhetoric.

The study is mainly concerned with English modifiers as one of the common and essential process in the English derivation at one hand, and a problematic area for English foreign Language students in the other. The study aims at (1) investigating the ability for Iraqi university students to recognize and use modifiers and (2) Identifying the types of errors which are committed by student in using modifiers. To achieve these goals mentioned above study hypothesis that i. Most of Iraqi university students may not have a full mastery of distinguishing modifiers and their different types. ii. Such students encounter difficulties in using these modifiers due to various factors. The first factor includes the difficulties which are due to the nature of the English modifiers at the levels of phonology, morphology and syntax. The second factor relates to the process of interferences (or transfer) from the first language to the target language and over generalization of the second language forms. iii. The students' performance at the recognition level is expected to be better than their achievement at the production one.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the functions of Arabic and Turkish speakers switching from English to Turkish, to Arabic Turkish utterances or to merely Arabic utterances. The researcher tries to find additional reasons for code-switching besides the functions proposed by previous researchers, since the interlocutors the current study share part of the vocabulary and culture as Arabic and Turkish speakers. The shared proportion of language between Arabic and Turkish, mainly vocabularies and special religious expressions inspired the researcher to select the interlocutors participating in this study. The results are both exciting and surprising. Keywords: Code-switching; Arabic; Turkish; Functions Keywords Code-switching, Functions, in, English, Conversations, among, Turkish, to, Arabic, Speakers

The issue of inequality between males and females is a significant phenomenon in the Arabic world. Gender equality and women’s freedom in the Islamic world generally, and the Arabic countries especially have always been questioned. These issues, no doubt, have an impact on the language of men and women. The teachings of the Holy Quran and the prophet Mohammad (PBUH), or let's say how people perceive them play a significant role in shaping the society, especially in a religious city like Holy Najaf where everything is centered on religion, and where the data of this study were collected. However, the understanding and application of these teachings are even more important in regard to putting in action the effects of these teachings on shaping men and women’s language. This research was conducted to look at tag-questions and their different uses by males and females in that Iraqi city. The results were interesting in accordance with the social relationships between men and women and the power relationship coming from the Islamic constitution and the understanding of some men and women of this constitution.