OHOOD AQEED RADHI RADHI

The current study assesses the effects of utilizing Bacillus subtilis, Rhizobium bacteria, and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as a biofertilizer on apricot sapling cultivar Bayaa. Concurrently, the use of to promote plant growth was developed. Furthermore, three factors were used. The first component was added for soil apricot sapling by dilution suspension of Bacillus subtilis with three levels (0, 100, 200 ml. L-1) while the second factor was added by dilution suspension of Rhizobium spp. with two levels (0, 200 ml. L-1) and third factor was dilution suspension add Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus with three levels (0, 10, 20 ml. L-1). The results demonstrate that adding Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the soil of apricot saplings at both levels (100, 200 ml. L-1) had a significant influence on the leaf area, total chlorophyll, N%, P%, Mg%, and reduced proline and peroxidase. The effects of Rhizobium bacteria at level (200 ml. L-1) on all trails under study were comparable to non-addition of Bacillus subtilis. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of the treated saplings at both levels (10 and 20 ml. L-1) to the soil of apricot saplings had a significant effects on the leaf area, the increase in the heigh, total chlorophyll, N%, P%, Mg% and reduce proline and peroxidase. The interaction among Bacillus subtilis, Rhizobium bacteria, and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were effects on trails under study especially (20 ml. L-1Arbuscular mycorrhizal+ 200 ml. L-1 Rhizobium+ 200 ml. L-1 Bacillus subtilis) treatment, it was high significant in all trails.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus that is a major health problem in hospitals, recognized as the greatest important nosocomial pathogen and usually causing postoperative wound infections. Antibiotic resistance by Staphylococcus aureus has developed to be common, and resistance to almost all antibiotics has been found among the most strains of this pathogen. Biofilms are generally more resistant to both host’s defense mechanisms and to antibiotics than planktonic unicellular microbes. Therefore, it is increasingly recognized as important health problem for patients with microbial infections. Moreover, Staphylococcal diseases has found to be connected with programmed cell death in order to cause numerous diseases in human hosts. All that made Staphylococcus aureus infections are hard to treat. Selenium has been examined for numerous medical applications and evidence suggested that Staphylococcus aureus growth can be inhibited in the presence of selenium nanoparticles. Objectives: The specific objective of this study therefore was to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and associated risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with surgical site infections and burns infection. In addition to confirm that selenium nanoparticles may be used to effectively prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections and thus should be further studied for such applications. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1, 2022 to December 30, 2022 among patients with surgical site infections and burns infection at Al- Najaf city hospitals in Iraq country. A total of 275 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were recovered from hospital patients with postoperative wound infection or burns infection isolation and identification were based on standard bacteriological and biochemical criteria. Biofilms formation in vitro was carried out by microtiter plate spectrophotometric technique. Through using the standard disc diffusion technique, isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Host cell killing by Staphylococcus aureus was assayed by using florescent microscopy. Finally, selenium nanoparticles to inhibit bacteria were tested by measuring the sizes of the inhibition zone for bacterial growth. Results: Of the 630 surgical patients who resident in Al- Najaf city hospitals and who had developed surgical site infection, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 275 (43.6%) cases. The results show that most Staphylococcus isolates were resistant to most antibiotics and have ability for biofilms formation and inducing host cells kill. Results of this study also provided that strongly inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of selenium nanoparticles after 24 hours at 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml. Conclusion: The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus infection in surgical and burn wards of AlNajaf city hospitals in Iraq country was found to be high. In addition, most isolates were extremely resistant to major antimicrobial agents and has ability for inducing biofilms formation as well as host cells kill. Moreover, this study suggests that selenium nanoparticles may be used to effectively prevent and treat Staphylococcus aureus infections and thus should be further studied for such applications.

The study included the preparation of aqueous extracts (using distilled water) of a group of local plants that included verum (Inamum), mint mint, Anisum pimpinella, Salvia officinalis, for the purpose of studying their effect on a group of pathogenic fungi, using the method of mixing the extracted plant with the nutrient medium at a concentration (5,10,15,20,25) mg/ml. For the effective evaluation of the plant extracts compared to the fungal isolates included in the study and the calculation of the activation ratio and the concentration value. Thirty (30) samples of dried palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) were collected from street vendors, shops and markets from different regions of Diyala governorate. Detection of fungal species. The investigation was based on cultural, microscopic and biochemical tests. C.guillermondii and C.albicans (7) isolates (23.33%) were diagnosed followed by C.krasei and C.stellatoiclea (5) isolates (16.66%), and C. (3) isolates (10%). So there is a need to treat these fruits appropriately before consumption to reduce the possibility of fungal infection. Anisum-pimpinella extract concentration (5 mg/ml) is the highest, while (15 mg/ml) is the lowest, Salvia officinalis extract (5 mg/ml) is the highest and (25 mg/ml) is the lowest. The substance with the greatest concentration is inamomum ferrum (25 mg/ml). While the learner with a concentrate on (20 mg / ml) is the lowest, while mint with a concentration of (15) is the highest, while the learner with an emphasis on (25 mg / ml) is the lowest.

Present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of Trichoderma harzianum and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a bio-fertilizer, on growth and development of apple seedling. For this purpose the spore suspensions of Trichoderma harzianum (0, 10, 20 ml. l-1), and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (0, 200, 400 ml. l-1) were employed. The treated seedlings were found to be positively affected due to the combined treatment of both fungi.

ABSTRACT Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of thyme has been well established against various microorganisms. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extract of thyme on beef mincemeat quality. Three differential concentrations (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mg/ml) of both thyme extracts were used for the beef mincemeat preservation. Untreated meat samples were considered as the control group while the extracts treated beef mincemeat are stored at 4°C for 7 to 14 days. To validate the extract's ability to prolong the storage period at 4 °C, various bacteriological indicators like total plate count, presence of total coliform, Salmonella, Shigella, and Staphylococcus aureus count were assessed. The results of the antimicrobial assay of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of thyme at different concentrations showed that the aqueous extract had significant inhibitory action on the growth of a wide range of bacteria compared to the alcoholic extract. Thus, the thyme aqueous extracts can be efficient and promising as preservatives for meat and its products, especially at high concentrations to inhibit bacterial growth.

Abstract: Nosocomial infections, also called health-care-associated or hospital-acquired infections, are a subset of infectious diseases acquired in a health-care facility. Historically, Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli have been the common known as nosocomial infection bacteria. Moreover, nosocomial pneumonia, surgical wound infections, and vascular access-related bacteremia have caused the most illness and death in hospitalized patients; and intensive care units have been the epicenters of antibiotic resistance . Acquired antimicrobial resistance is the major problem, and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen of greatest concern. The shift to outpatient care is leaving the most vulnerable patients in hospitals. Aging of our population and increasingly aggressive medical and surgical interventions, including implanted foreign bodies, organ transplantations, and xenotransplantation, create a cohort of particularly susceptible persons. Moreover, renovation of aging hospitals increases risk of airborne fungal and other infections . To prevent and control these emerging nosocomial infections, we need to increase national surveillance, "risk adjust" infection rates so that inter hospital comparisons are valid, develop more noninvasive infection-resistant devices, and work with health-care workers on better implementation of existing control measures such as hand washing . In this review we aimed to review the previous projects which study incidence of hospital infection among delivery women with caesarean section in hospitals. Also, to discuss about the nosocomial infections and its types. We will also review the most common way a nosocomial infection is acquired, and the most common cause of nosocomial infection. In order to the modes of transmission of infection. In addition to a way to prevent nosocomial infections in hospitals.