Naseem Kadhim Baqer Al-Mudhaffar

Nullor relocation approach was used to modify electronic ciruits that use operational amplifiers. the new circuits use current conviers instead of operational amplifiers (op-amp)

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) play a key role in modern applications, for instance, in smart homes as will be demonstrated in this paper. ZigBee technology provides better support when compared with WiFi, Bluetooth and Ultra Wide Band (UWB) standards regarding transmission range. This paper deals with the use of ZigBee WSN in a domestic application, namely smart home control. This model comprises a smart home with multiple rooms, designed in such a way that each room has sensors for a varied environment. The sensor nodes will be presented by ZigBee end device which transmits the traffic to a master node in the form of a ZigBee coordinator. An OPNET modeler V14.5 was used in this simulation study. This paper presents seven models related to delay and data traffic received to improve WSN performance. Seven different WSN designs variations were utilized according to the number of rooms, sensors, coordinators, and routers. The outcomes demonstrate that one coordinator model causes more delay when compared with multiple coordinator models. Conversely, the presence of a router causes additional delay. This model should help electrical engineers when designing smart homes that utilize WSNs.

A smart home is a comprehensive integration system that employs technologies such as computers, structured wiring and network communication to interconnect indoor subsystems, home appliances and electrical devices. WSNs play a crucial role in the functionality of smart homes. In this study, the IEEE 802.15.4/ ZigBee wireless communication standard was applied. Compared to other wireless communication standards, it offers a number of benefits, such as low battery and power consumption. Delays in ZigBee-based WSNs used in smart homes can be attributed to various factors, including network configuration, routing efficiency, device availability, sensor Review ArticleBaqer et al.; J. Eng. Res. Rep., vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 372-380, 2024; Article no.JERR.121325 373 reporting intervals and power management. By optimizing the network parameters of ZigBee-based WSNs with concomitant reduction in inherent delays, it is possible to enhance the performance and user experience of smart home systems. Furthermore, the influence of coordinators and routers on ZigBee-based WSN delays is thoroughly examined and discussed. The results indicate that while adding more sensors to the WSN produces an extra delay, by contrast, the addition of an extra coordinator reduces the delay. Finally, the presence of a router in the WSN does not have a large impact on the delay

In several developing countries, the electricity crisis obstructs both socioeconomic and technological sustainable evolution. Also, it leads to reducing job availability due to shut down several industries or relocate to neighbouring countries to such an issue. A Najaf City is an important holy and tourist city in the middle of Iraq country. Indeed, waste management in An Najaf City needs to be reconsidered to be used as an energy source. In this article, we investigated and listed the waste quantity which produced recently (one year) respect to waste types and types of content. Data collected from the waste products for one year and are used as a key factor to study the feasibility of generating electrical energy from collected MSWs. The proposed model was simulated and tested respect to cost analysis factor of the suggested power plant by Homer pro simulation software. Results were very encouraging and competitive to the current energy production cost based on the production cost of the Kwh prospective among the conventional methods in Iraq. The proposed scenario provide proper and secure waste proposal technique with low-cost.

In terms of transmission range and data speeds, ZigBee technology bridges the gap between IEEE 802.11 WiFi and IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth standards and offers the architecture needed to support WSNs. ZigBee is typically categorized as a lowrate wireless PAN technology. WSNs based on ZigBee are utilized in many different applications. There are single and multiple coordinators and routers for each of the 24 sensors in the modelled system. Every sensor node is represented by a ZigBee endpoint, which sends signals to the ZigBee coordinator master node. Next, by connecting the system to the server via Ethernet LAN, the data can be accessed. A Riverbed (OPNET) Modeler Academic Edition 17.5 was used to conduct this simulation. In order to examine the performance of the four modelled WSNs, this paper analyses the system's performance in terms of throughput and delay. The findings demonstrated that both throughput and delay rise as the number of routers increases. Moreover, throughput and delay are unaffected by adding more coordinators

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play major part in modern communication systems. The primary goal of this paper is to study the throughput in WSN applied in greenhouse's environment monitoring system using ZigBee technology to improve the networks performance. We created seven different scenarios of models with different setting of sensors for greenhouse environment. Each sensor was presented by a ZigBee end device that transmits traffic to a master node that is a ZigBee coordinator. The gathered information could be accessed via connecting the system to the server through an Ethernet LAN. The OPNET modeler V14.5 was used in this simulation study for building our 7 scenario designs. The outcomes of our comparison study demonstrate that the using of one coordinator model causes an increment in the throughput more than multiple coordinators model. Also, the effect of using routers was tested negatively from throughput point of view. These outcomes would help network engineers to improve their designs.

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