nahla fatehi makki muhamed

Mannans are structurally composed of β-(1 → 4)-linked mannose units, which are widely distributed in plant cell walls, yeast, and bacterial exopolysaccharides. Mannans have emerged as multipurpose biopolymers with significant industrial and biomedical potential. Celebrated mannans include guar gum, locust bean gum, konjac glucomannan, yeast mannans, and softwood glucomannans. This comprehensive review highlights the sources, structural diversity, extraction methods, physicochemical properties, safety, and functional characteristics. The major bioactivities of mannans, including immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and prebiotic effects, reflect their relevance in biopharmaceutical applications. Moreover, mannans serve as valuable raw materials for developing biodegradable films, hydrogels, and nanocomposites applied in sustainable materials and drug delivery systems. Despite promising applications, challenges related to their large-scale production, standardization, and functional optimization remain to be investigated. Future perspectives focus on integrating advanced biotechnological approaches and chemical modifications to enhance the functional versatility of mannans. Overall, mannans represent a sustainable, multifunctional biopolymer with expanding applications across food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries.

Objective: The prime objective of this investigation was to find a new method for the diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome disease (MetS) by estimating the level of Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the serum of patients. Subjects and Methods: The study included 106 subjects divided into two groups, (61) with Metabolic Syndrome and (45) in the control group, the mean of its age was 50. Most of the serum assays were measured by colourimetric methods, and ELISA Technique evaluated serum levels of OPG. Results: The clinical findings confirm that OPG is expressed in cells involved in atheroma plaque development and progression, such as arterial smooth muscle cells these leads showed that OPG levels were more elevated compared to the levels of the control group (p < 0.00001). Others outcomes the Pearson's correlation study illustrated that the OPG level is positive relationships with fasting blood glucose (FBG) and Hemoglobin A1C (HBA1C) (r = 0.919, p < 0.00001), (r = 0.628, P=0.002) respectively. Also, strong positively correlation with insulin level and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (r = 0.759, p = 0.010) (r = 0.628, P< 0.00001) respectively. Furthermore, the OPG level denoted a significant positive correlation with the obesity index is the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference (WHR) (r =0.594, P< 0.00001) and Triglycerides (TG) (r =0.475, P< 0.00001). Conclusion: These results support a strong correlation between serum OPG level and most indicators of metabolic syndrome disease, so we can conclude that it is a great biomarker for predicting Metabolic Syndrome disease (MetS) in individuals who are likely to be infected with this disease, such as hypertension patients and obese people.

The prevalence and complications of diabetes are increasing worldwide. In this work, we aimed at estimating Osteoprotegerin (OPG) as novel factors for controling diabetic nephropathy. The study involved 90 Iraqi volunteers with aged range (35-65) years from both genders. The subjects were subdivided into two groups, (45) with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and (45) control recruited, most assays were measured by enzymic colorimetric methods, serum OPG levels were estimated by ELISA. The results revealed that OPG serum levels were higher compared to control group (p < 0.00001). The Pearson,s relationship reports OPG level had highly positive with FBG and HBA1C (r=0.981, p<0.00001), (r=0.350, p=0.020) respectively. In contrast, strong negatively correlated with insulin level (r= -0.363, p=0.014) respectively. Moreover, OPG level indicate a significant correlation with parameters of renal function include urea, creatinine, ACR and eGFR (r=0.629, p=0.04), (r= 0.426, p=0.01), (r= 0.074, p=0.002), (r= -0.612, p=0.001), respectively. These summarized results indicates that OPG is a great biomarker for predicting the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy.

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disruption affecting the glucose level of the human body. Intracellular hyperglycemia promotes mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ROS directly improve the expression of inflammatory, these inflammations are associated with the level of soluble receptors for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) in serum. in this work assessed the level of (sRAGE) and study its potential as a biomarker for diabetes mellitus. The research included 108 Iraqis between the ages of (35-65) years of both sexes. The individuals were divided into two groups, (63) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and (45) control group, most of the tests serum have been measurements by colourimetric methods, and sRAGE levels in serum were evaluated by ELISA Technique. The results of the investigation showed that the sRAGE mean was more elevated compared to the mean of the control group (p < 0.00001). Statistical study of Pearson's correlation illustrated that the sRAGE level is high positively with FBG, and HBA1C (r = 0.878, p < 0.00001), (r = 0.422, P=0.05) respectively. While, negatively correlation with insulin level (r = -0.204, p = 0.010). Furthermore, most the sRAGE level denoted a positive significant correlation with kidney function parameters inclusive urea, creatinine, and ACR, except eGFR was a negative significant (r = 0.422, p = 0.05), (r = 0.501, p = 0.01), (r = 0.435, p = 0.030), (r = -0.539, p = 0.011) respectively. These results support a strong relationship between serum sRAGE level and indicators of hyperglycemia, so we can conclude that it is a great biomarker for predicting of diabetes mellitus.

This work deals with the preparation and identification of new azo ligand as A derivative of 2- Naphthol and It's Complexes With Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II) and Ag(I) ions. The characterization of this ligand was done 1H-NMR,13C-NMR,Uv-Vis and FTIR spectra .The complexes preparation were performed after fixing the optimum conditions of pH and molar concentration using Uv-Vis spectra of mixed solutions of the above ions with azo ligand .A wide range of pH and molar concentration obeyed lamPert-Beers Law were studies , and the stability constant has been founded at optimum conditions of pH ,mole ratio for all complex. Spectrophotometric studies such as IR and Uv-Vis and the molar conductivity of these complexes were used to determine the molecular formulas of the ligand and complexes. Keyward :Azo compounds ,Complexes , spectrophotometric studying.

The increased levels of cholesterol, LDL ,TG and the low of HDL ratio in plasma blood lead to coronary artery disease which occurs due to lack of exercise , eat fatty foods , smoking , diet , depression and other factors, the study included 40 people as control group and 80 people of coronary artery patients ,a device mindray BS-120 was used in the analysis of the samples, the outcomes of this research showed that the ratio of cholesterol , LDL ,TG and HDL was approximately adjusted to normal rates by take warfarin therapy which acts as an enzyme inhibitor called Vitamin K epoxide reductase which leads to the lack of fibrin (blood clot) And so on Improve the functioning of blood circulation so best lipid metabolism.

Abstract In this present paper ,the effect of cigarette smoking for several years ranging from 5 to 30 years on the levels of K,NA, CA,P and CL in blood of smokers were performed by C 4000 Auto analyzer .Two hundred of samples were included in this study , hundred specimen as a control group (non-smoking ),mean age 37 years and other hundred as smokers group mean age 38 years . The results elucidated that the ratio of Ca, P and CL were not affected by smoking while sodium ions decrease in the serum of smokers compared to non-smokers and found that potassium ions are increasing at normal rates, it was also not found relationship between the period of smoking and the concentration of elements. Therefore, you must avoid smoking, causing a change in the normal rates of essential elements of the body sodium and potassium and thus change in the work of hormones related to those elements Such as the hormone aldosterone, which leads to the occurrence of various diseases such as kidneys and stomach.

The extraction of Copper has studies as complex means of (PSPAI) dissolved in chloroform .The search comprises the following aspects: the optimum pH values for extraction was (pHext. = 8 ), so the suitable concentration of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution which is giving highest distribution ratio (D) was (40 ìg ) ,studying effect of extraction time illustrated the optimum shaking time to reach the equilibria twenty minute . It was found from experiments that the best D of Cu(II) when the concentration of ligand equal to [6 x 10-5 M ] and the probability form category enable for extraction [Cu(PSPAI)]+2SO4 -2 from the slope of straight line of this catgory , that the more probable structure of ion pair (metal : ligand) complex extracted was 1 : 1.The study of organic solvent effect appear that there the D values increasing with increasing of dielectric constant of organic solvents used . The thermodynamic study demonstrates the complexation reaction is an exothermic .

Abstract :This study measures the activity of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K. The soil samples collected from different sites in Najaf city, Iraq. The studied samples were analyzed and the concentrations of radionuclides were determined using γ-ray spectrometry (NaI (Tl) detector). The mean values specific activity of radionuclides were agreement with those of the international values (IAEA) except sample S1 (Kufa) and sample S2 (Najaf Sea).

The research includes use organic reagent 2-[(4- bromo phenyl) azo]- 4,5 diphenyl imidazol to determination of Lanthanium (III) by speed and easy spectrum analysis method . When preparation of complex from reaction organic reagent with Lanthanium ion at PH 10 and 1:3 from center ion to organic reagent at lmax 508 nm and molar absorptivity 6 x104 L.mol-1.cm-1, Beer s law was obeyed in the range ( 0.2 -8.0 ) ppm ,this complex identified by using F.T.I.R and UV-Vis Techniques ,even best condision had been identified to determinate this ion includes pH, volume of reagent,period of time , temperature degree , The precision and accuracy determine by ( Erel , Re , R.S.D )% is (-1.23, 98.7, 0.12 ) % respectively , and finely then study of the interferences of some ions.

Abstract The extraction of Copper has been studied as a complex by means of 2-[ (4-Bromo phenyl) azo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole dissolved in chloroform .The study revealed that the optimum pH value was (pHext. = 9 ), concentrations of Cu(II) ion in aqueous solution giving highest distribution ratio (D) were (40μg) and the ligand [1x10-4M] respectively and the optimum shaking time to reach the equilibria was ten minutes . Studies organic solvent showed there is not any linear relation between dielectric constant of organic solvents and distribution ratio (D) of extraction ,but there is an effect for the structure of organic solvent . The thermodynamic study demonstrates the complexation reaction is an exothermic at temperature degrees ( 20 C 0 - 70 C0 ). Key words: extraction , P-BrPAI ,copper, azo, imidazole.

Abstract The extraction of Nickel has been studied as complex with 2-[ (4-Bromo phenyl) azo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole which dissolved in chloroform .This search comprises the following aspects: the optimum pH values for extraction was (pHext. = 9 ), so the suitable concentration of Ni(II) ions in aqueous solution which is giving highest distribution ratio (D) was (80 μg ) ,studying effect of extraction time illustrated the optimum shaking time to reach the equilibria was ten minute .It was found from experiments that the best value of D when the concentration of ligand equal to [3x10-5 M ] , from other hand organic solvents shows that there is no linear relation ship between dielectric constant of organic solvents and distribution ratio (D) of extraction ,but there is an effect for the organic solvent structure. The thermodynamic study demonstrates the complexation reaction is an exothermic at temperature degrees (20 0C - 70

Abstract: The extraction of Copper has studies as complex means of (PSPAI) dissolved in chloroform .The search comprises the following aspects: the optimum pH values for extraction was (pHext. = 8 ), so the suitable concentration of Cu(II) ions in aqueous solution which is giving highest distribution ratio (D) was (40 ìg ) ,studying effect of extraction time illustrated the optimum shaking time to reach the equilibria twenty minute . It was found from experiments that the best D of Cu(II) when the concentration of ligand equal to [6 x 10-5 M ] and the probability form category enable for extraction [Cu(PSPAI)]+2SO4 -2 from the slope of straight line of this catgory , that the more probable structure of ion pair (metal : ligand) complex extracted was 1 : 1.The study of organic solvent effect appear that there the D values increasing with increasing of dielectric constant of organic solvents used . The thermodynamic study demonstrates the complexation reaction is an exothermic .

Biodiesel is biodegradable , clean-burning, non-toxic, renewable, high-quality, and cheap diesel fuel made primarily from waste vegetable oil which can be used without any alterations in engine design. The paper is concerned with the production and testing of the one biodiesel fuels synthesized from used sunflower oil. Transesterification technique is used to convert surplus raw cooking oil and used cooking oil that are considered as pollutants to produce biodiesel. Process involves mixing of 87% heated wasted sunflower oil 12% with methanol and 1% catalyst to produce 87.5% methyl ester (biodiesel) and 12.5% glycerine. The test results show that it is possible to convert 100 % waste matter to 100% useful matter consisting of biodiesel and glycerin. The yield of biodiesel thus synthesizet is found to be sensitive to temperature. Further, it is also seen that the properties of the biodiesel are close to the properties of B100 fuel given in ASTM standards.

Date palms are very famous trees in Iraq and some other countries. The date’s oil might use as a fuel in a compression ignition engines. Also, this oil can be used as a raw material to produce a date-biodiesel. I n this paper, a new method to extract oil from dates is showed and synthesized biodiesel from this oil. Full description to extraction as well as to Transesterification methods is achieved. The main fuel properties tests are done on the oil and the date- biodiesel. The caloric value, viscosity, density, pour point, cloud point and diesel index are tested for date’s oil and for its biodiesel. A comparison with diesel oil is hold to show the utility of this oil and its biodiesel for using in compression ignition engines.

Abstract. Plants are one of the main sources of effective compounds used in medicinal treatments against fungi; among these plants are henna, thyme, and garlic. The main purpose of the present study was to extract and isolate active substances from these plants and study their pharmacological efficacy against fungi that cause some skin infections in children, such as Microsporum Canis, Microsporum Gypseum, and Trichophyton Verrucosum. 40 samples were included in this study from children with severe tinea capitis, which physicians diagnosed. The effective compounds were extracted from these plants in many ways, and their effect on the special fungi was studied. Biochemical and physiological tests indicated the types and proportions of fungi isolated from the scalp. This study also showed that the best concentration of the effective compounds extracted from the plants under study in reducing infection rates by 7.58% was 10%. The results also indicated that the type of extract had an effective role in reducing the infection rate, as the mixture of extracts was the most effective in reducing the infection rate to 24.67% at a concentration of 10% compared to each extract separately. It was found that the active substances in the three plants under study positively affect the treatment of diseases resulting from various types of fungi.