ندى محسن طاهر ابو غنيم

Dictionaries have traditionally been a widely used tool by foreign and second language learners. In spite of the rejection of using dictionaries in classroom by some teachers, recent studies have showed that dictionaries play a vital role in language learning and teaching. The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries on the foreign language learners' awareness and acquisition. The study seeks to investigate that monolingual dictionaries, unlike bilingual dictionaries, would promote and assist learners' acquisition. Although bilingual dictionaries are universally preferred by learners, teachers’ duty here is to encourage students to consult monolingual dictionaries during classroom since they often expose to the foreign language which is the end. Thus, the research will highlight the pros and cons of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. It will focus on the teachers' role which is crucial on not only guiding learners how to use dictionaries, when and which type but also allocating time during classroom to encourage students to consult the dictionary in order to be familiar with this tool. Finally, the striking findings are both dictionaries have positives and negatives but the good teacher can guide his/her students to consult the appropriate one in the specific time and a suitable task in classroom. Dictionaries are not always the perfect tool used by students and teachers but there are some cases and situations teachers should take in consideration when they deal with dictionaries.

Vocabulary is regarded an essential part of both learning foreign language and acquisition of native language even though it has been neglected at times. This is because the core of language learning in EFL classes was based on grammar and pronunciation. This present study aims at focusing on the importance of vocabulary teaching in language learning through relatively new technique namely collocation. Collocation has been chosen since language is full of collocation. Moreover, This paper highlights the significance of teaching collocation in EFL classes since it helps learners reach communicative competence and be more natural like native speakers. Finally, it stresses that collocation should be taught and attach more importance to it in class. الخلاصة تعتبر المفردات جزء مهم لكل من تعلم اللغة الاجنبية واكتساب اللغة على الرغم من انه في وقت ما قد اهمل تعليم المفردات. وهذا بسبب انه جوهر تعلم اللغة كان يعتمد على النحو والصوت. تهدف الدراسة الى التركيز على اهمية المفردات وتعلمها من خلال طريقة حديثة نسبيا وهي المتلازمات اللفظية. وقد تم اختيار المتلازمات لان اللغة مليئة بالمتلازمات اللفظية. اضافة الى ذلك يسلط البحث على اهمية تدريس المتلازمات اللفظية في صفوف طلاب اللغة الاجنبية لانها تساعد الطلاب في الوصول الى الكفاءة التواصلية وليصبحوا طبيعيين اكثر كمتحدثي اللغة الام .اخيرا, يؤكد البحث على انه يجب تعليم المتلازمات اللفظية واعطاء الاهمية لها في الصف.

The present study is based on the data composed of two political speeches delivered by the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and the present president Barack Obama. The domain of politics is a rich field to investigate. Therefore, the study tries to examine mood, modality and hedging. The methods used to conduct the research are to analyze these three linguistic devices in order to specify how politicians persuade their audience when delivering their speeches concerning war affairs. In terms of mood, the data illustrated that the frequency of declaratives was higher in both political speeches than other mood structures. This seems due to the fact that politicians seek to display their attitudes and views explicitly as well as exchange the information instead of exchange services. As regard to modality, the study was concerned three types of modality used in English: epistemic, deontic and dynamic. The analysis revealed that despite the fact that both political discourses include a wide range of modal devices, epistemic expressions are widely distributed throughout the texts.In this respect, the speaker while delivering the speech is trying to appear uncertain and less confident. As to hedges, this paper focused on two kinds of hedges: lexical hedges and syntactic hedges. As a result, the analysis showed that a variety of hedges devices were spread throughout the political languages. Interestingly, lexical hedges were the predominant devices used in both corpuses. It would be clear that Blair employed both lexical and syntactic hedges more frequently than Obama. This might be because Blair aims at mitigating the force of the assertions rather than conveying the message directly. Finally, a striking finding could be reached through the analysis. It is the culture which specifies the use of modality and hedges in addition to the total number of mood analysis. Moreover, the study found that the reason for exploiting modality and hedges in political languages was to persuade their addressees. Thus, modality and hedges were regarded as persuasive devices.