ندى محمد رضا جعفر رفيش

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous extract of Phragmites australis L., Typha domensis L. Cenchrus ciliaris L. plants in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar flowering growth parameters. Extraction was done by cold water (at room temperature) and boiling water and prepared concentrations of (30%, 60%, 80% and 100% ) as well as the control treatment (distilled water) aqueous extracts boiled water extracts of Phragmites australis L., Typha domensis L. Cenchrus ciliaris L.plants were increased in all flowering studied parameters, Typha domensis L. boiled water leaf extract gave the highest values for, flowering and productivity parameters compared to the other leaf extracts .It was noticed that growth parameters showed increased inhibition with increase in the concentration of all leaf extracts expect for 30% of. Typha domensis L. leaf extract by boiled water which increased the flowering parameters which was reflected in an increase in the productivity by 14.5% compared to the control. The results, revealed also that the treatment with the extracts of leaves affected in protein content of Oryza sativa L

This study investigated the effect of the aqueous leaf extracts of Zizyphus spina-christi (Sedr.),Salix fragilis L., and Ricinus communis L. on seed germination percentage of (wheat) Triticum aestivum L. Boiled water and alcohol were used to prepare different concentrations of leaf extracts (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) and control. Results showed that the effects of alcoholic leaf extracts of Zizyphus spina-chris L, Salix fragilis L and Ricinus communis L on seed germination percentage were superior over those of the control (distilled water).Moreover, the alcoholic leaf extract of Zizyphus exerted the highest impact on seed germination percentage.Increased concentration of all leaf extracts inhibited seed germination, except under 20% alcoholic leaf extract of Zizyphus, which showed the opposite effect, which in turn reflected the increase in other growth parameters

The wild resource of Dendrobium candidum, a well-known epiphytic orchid, is limited. Plant cell culture technology is a promising alternative for production of high-value secondary metabolites .In this research, factors affecting the induction, maintenance, and multiplication of callus from protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of D. candidum were systematically studied, and a technical callus inducing system with 100% rate was established which higher than previously reported values. The result showed that 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid(2,4-D) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) could of benefit to the callus induction. The optimized medium for callus induction was MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.25 NAA or 0.5 mg/L kinetin (KT). The callus clump enrichment method was used for directional screening and cell adaptation on MS medium supplied with plant growth regulators (PGR) such as 5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) or KT for 30 days per cycle. After 6 to 9 months, D. candidum cell lines were obtained and the histological analysis showed that the main differences between callus and PLBs were meristematic cell content and internal cell differentiation degree, and the meristematic cells distributed in the external strip were contributed to the formation of callus. At last, the amount of polysaccharides and total amino acids were compared between the obtained cell lines, tissue culture seedlings and PLBs. The results showed that polysaccharides was 24.67% in callus and higher than that in tissue culture seedlings and PLBs. The amount of total amino acids was 5.94% in callus and higher than that in tissue culture seedlings. So the callus is considered a good choice for the expanding of D. candidum medicine sources.

Anoectochilus genus is an epiphytic Orchid used as a traditional Chinese folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Bacillus subtilis play an important role in promoting medicinal orchids growth. This study aimed to investigate the promoting role of B. subtilis BS87 on the biomass and contents of some natural products in A. roxburghii and A. formosanus such as flavonoids, steroids and essential oils, in A.roxburghii and A. formosanus treated for 90 days with B. subtilis BS87, the flavonoid contents reached 1.208% and 1.424%, respectively, whereas the steroid content in both species was closely values approximately. The essential oil content was 0.11% was 0.21%, respectively, which was significantly different to levels in control plants in pot culture. After 90 days of symbiotic cultivation, increased shoot height, fresh weight and leaf number were observed in treated A. roxburghii and A. formosanus plants compared with control plants. In addition, qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of seven plant growth-related genes, namely AR017, AR019, AR020, AR023, AR037, AR044, and AR047 were increased in both A. roxburghii and A formosanus plants treated with B.subtilisBS8790 days post-inculcation compared with control plants.

Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. is a herbaceous epiphytic orchid that is found in the following locations: Yunnan, China; Assam, India; Bangladesh; Eastern Himalayas; Nepal;Western Himalayas; Sri Lanka; Myanmar; Thailand; and Vietnam.A.roxburghii plant provides valuable medicinal material. A. formosanus is a terrestrial orchid that is widely distributed in Taiwan and Fujian Province of China and in Japan. A.roxburghii has been used as a Chinese folk medicine for many years. However, few reports on its in vitro regeneration are available. Thus, expanding A. roxburghii(Wall.) Lindl. sources is important. In this paper, a rapid micropropagation and cell culture system was established for wild A.roxburghii harvested from Yunnan. We designed an optimized induction medium for protocorm-like bodies, and the medium comprised the following: Murashige and Skoog(MS) medium +2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acidat 1 mg/L + kinetinat 0.5 mg/L+1-naphthalene acetic acidat 1 mg/L+6-benzyladenineat 0.5 mg/L+1% agar+3% sucrose. This medium was tested and was shown to be equally suitable for shoot culture after 8 weeks. The culture was maintained up to 12 weeks. Other cultures were initiated from shoots inoculated on MS medium supplemented individually with different concentrations of hormones. Medium supplemented with 3% (w/v)sucrose was the best among all treatments.The major bioactive compounds of A.roxburghii and A. formosanus were polysaccharides, amino acids,and alkaloids, and these compounds were obtained from whole plants of both species. The dried and powdered extracts fromwhole plantswere obtained by ethanol extraction using Soxhlet method. When whole plants were subjected to ethanol extraction,the polysaccharide, amino acid, and alkaloid

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