Nabaa Noori Bashboosh Shamsaldeen

in this study afinite element software slide v6.0 is used to determine the phreatic line location within an earth dam with different drainage systems of different value of water table and effect the phreatic line location on factor of safety it is found that the toe drain installation is just in an effort to prevent softening and erosion of the downstream toe and its efficiency attenuate as the dam water table in the reservoir increase by the use of horizontal drainage blanket the phreatic line recedes from the downstream and when the chimney drain is installed the phreatic line tends to remain mainly in upstream side so the seepage will not continue throughout the embankment and the factor of safety increase between (o.83%-15.40%) for horizontal drain (2.03%-15.53%) toe drain and (12.09%-16.428%) chimney drain when water level decreased

Energy dissipation is one of the most important factors to be taken into account during the design and operation of hydraulic structures, mainly for handling supercritical flows downstream from spillways, sluice gates, and chutes. When loose, excessive flow energy can cause scour, cavitation and structural vibration, which in turn threatens operation reliability and life. Over the course of two centuries, research has developed from empirical descriptions of hydraulic jumps to available controlled laboratory experiments and, in recent decades, sophisticated numerical models. Ongoing research is focusing on multiphase flow dynamics, air–water interactions and pressure oscillations in energy dissipators. Notwithstanding these progresses, the reliable forecasting of aeration processes and transformation rates, along with the scaling from lab to prototype applications and considering climate-induced variability in engineering design, are critical challenges. This overview summarizes previous successes and future developments, placing particular emphasis on environmentally acceptable construction materials and energy recovery options. The future hydraulic structures can be more response to the growing requirements of resilience, sustainability and adaptability when incorporating technical efficiency together with environmental responsibility.

The paper systematically reviews dimensions and indicators of sustainable and smart cities. Using PRISMA 2020, it analyzed studies (2000–2025) and identified nine key dimensions: environment, economy, society, governance, infrastructure, mobility, health, resilience, and digitalization. Core indicators include CO₂ emissions, air quality, mobility, and digital maturity. Results highlight strong links between environment and mobility, with regional differences shaped by income, governance, and climate. The study calls for standardized taxonomies, interoperability, and adaptable global frameworks.

In this study, experimental work was performed to represent the flow within an open channel and through a compound weir of semi-circular and trapezoidal sections for different flow conditions. This study aims to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the compound weir by finding the value of the coefficient of discharge, Cd, and deriving an equation linking the value of Cd to the rest of the hydraulic and geometric parameters governing the flow conditions. Fifteen laboratory models of a sharp-crested compound weir were tested inside a laboratory channel with dimensions of 0.3 m wide, 0.45 m high, and 15 m long. The dimensions of the compound weir opening were changed while maintaining the general shape, which consisted of a trapezoidal part with a different side slope (θ) and a semicircular part that remained constant. The effects of water depth over the crest of compound weir (h), the depth of water upstream compound weir (hu), the diameter of the semi-circular part (D), the width of the first base of the trapezoidal part (b1), the width of the second base of the trapezoidal part (b2), the perpendicular height of the trapezoidal part, and the slope of the trapezoidal side (θ) were taken into consideration in deriving a non-dimensional formula representing the relationship between these parameters and Cd. Using Excel 365 and SPSS 26 software, a non-linear relationship was derived to estimate Cd, and a good value of the coefficient of determination (R2) was achieved.

The study used Remote Sensing (RS) and GIS to develop a Flood Risk/Hazard Map (FRM/FHM) for the Usk River in Wales. Six key parameters—elevation, slope, river distance, land cover, flow length, and precipitation—were analyzed using DEM and Landsat 8 imagery. Thematic maps were classified into five risk levels to identify flood-prone zones. Results showed high flood risk in the upper northern reaches and parts of the eastern and western central catchment, even at higher elevations, while central and southern areas near the outlet had lower risk. The findings provide useful guidance for planners to improve flood risk mitigation and prevention strategies.

in this study afinite element software slide v 6.0 is used to determine the factor of safety under rapid drawdown condition from EL182.5 m to 172.0 m and rapid drawdown condition with seismic load 0.07 g effect for one and two direction its found that the factor of safety of upstraem decrease when rapid drawdown condition and seismic load effect and the upstream slope is still stable during rapid drawdown and the minimum value obtained for FOS is about 1.254 during rapid drawdown and seismic load coefficient 0.07