مصطفى رعد طاهر الفحام

Diagnostic X-ray procedures introduce radiobiological exposure risks requiring dose optimization to protect living tissues. This study evaluated Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and biological risk burdens during routine adult radiography at Al-Hakim General Hospital, Najaf, Iraq. A cross-sectional radiobiological assessment included 64 adult patients across four anatomical cohorts (n = 16 per group: skull, chest, lumbar spine, pelvis). Exposure parameters (kVp, mAs, SID, FSD) and tube output measured via a calibrated dosimeter were used alongside backscatter factors (BSF) to calculate tissue-level ESD. Results revealed that 50% of skull, 93.75% of chest, 43.75% of lumbar spine, and 100% of pelvis examinations exceeded established Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs). These elevated ESD values demonstrate significant variations in radiobiological dose burdens delivered to sensitive tissues. The findings underscore an urgent need to optimize exposure protocols, enforce quality control, and establish local DRLs to ensure biological safety. This research supports Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Target 3.8) by promoting safe radiation practices

The limits of radionuclides contained in foods should be minimal for safe human consumption. This study examined the radiological hazards of 238 U, 232 Th, and 40 K in cereal samples, for three age groups—infants, children, and adults—using a NaI (Tl) detector. The results ranged from 5.67±0.61 to 11.82±1.09 Bq/kg, 2.27±0.29 to 9.76±0.61 Bq/kg, and 152.37±3.34 to 323.63±7.56 Bq/kg, respectively, and showed that the levels were within the limits set by UNSCEAR: 238 U= 33 Bq/kg, 232 Th= 45 Bq/kg, and 40 K= 420 Bq/kg.

In this research study, the exposure parameters of kilovolt-peak (kVp) and milliampere-second (mAs) were recorded for 20 samples collected from patients who visited Al-Sadr Educational Hospital in Najaf, Iraq, during the period from February to April 2024, which this study aimed to investigate the impact of these exposure parameters on the computed tomography (CT) machine’s image distortion and, consequently, the accuracy of diagnosis. It was found that these exposure parameters are closely related to the accuracy of the resulting image at different rates from one examination to another, so this all leads to the presence of a degree of distortion in the resulting radiographic image, which in turn generates diagnostic errors that affect the treatment plan, which necessitates reviewing the examination protocols of the CT machine to reduce distortion in the radiographic image while maintaining a low absorbed dose, as well as using artificial intelligence (AI) in processing radiographic images to increase image accuracy and thus obtain a better diagnosis.

This study investigated the effect of distortion in radiographic images taken by a X-ray digital radiography (DR) machine for 30 cases of patients who visited Al-Sadr Educational Hospital in Najaf, Iraq, during the period between February and April during the year 2024, which technical settings such as kilovoltage peak (kVp) and milliampere-second (mAs) were recorded to identify the extent of the impact of these factors on the distortion of the radiographic image and thus the accuracy of diagnosis. It was found that these technical factors have a direct impact on the accuracy of the radiographic image, in addition to other factors such as poor lighting and incorrect calibration, which may lead to distortion of the radiographic image. All of this leads to a wrong diagnosis and thus affects the clinical evaluation, which is necessary to emphasize the establishment of special protocols that guarantee obtaining radiographic images with good accuracy to ensure a correct diagnosis of pathological cases.

A myriad of X-ray machines have completely revolutionized the realm of medical imaging offered healthcare professionals an array of invaluable tools for accurate diagnosis and due to the importance of this matter and a comprehensive review was conducted of the X-ray machines available in Najaf hospitals and became clear that all possible types are available (conventional radiography (CR) machines, digital radiography (DR) machines, computed tomography (CT) scanners, fluoroscopy machines, C-arm machines, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanners, mobile X-ray machines, positron emission tomography/ computed tomography (PET/CT) scanners, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanners, mammography (MG) scanners) for diagnosing various medical conditions, ranging from bone imaging to cross-sectional scanning, each machine avail a pivotal role in unveiling the mysteries of human health.

-In this research, Zinc and Zinc Oxide nanoparticles was synthesized using pulsed laser ablation in liquid technique. This gives very simple, cheap, the long period of stability, less aggregation, non-toxic and noncontamination method. Noble metals; Zinc was synthesized by pulsed (Q-switched, Nd: YAG) 1064 nm by applying energy 800 mJ and frequency 6 Hz and 100 laser pulses at room temperature. laser ablation metal plates immersed in ethanol, acetone and distilled water. Respectively, indicating the production of pure and spherical Zn and ZnO NPs. All the size measurements have been confirmed by TEM. The study also focused on the applications of Zn and ZnO nanoparticles via a method to increase the activity and the efficacy of the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles which were produced by the laser ablation of 1064 nm wavelength with an energy power 800 mJ and applied pulses 100 to produce nanoparticles in different sizes on the Grampositive isolate (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative isolate (Escherichia coli). The results and images of inhibition zones show that nanoparticles have synergistic effects on the studied bacteria Up to 22 mm at the highest value and 15 mm at the lowest value.