Murtadha Jawad Abbas Al-Barqaawee

Cyclophosphamide is an anticancer drug used for the treatment of various diseases, such as leukemia, lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease and to suppress the immune system. It was last year observed that it has side effects and can cause various damage on a different cell of body's organ in body such as testis were researcher showed that its causes testicular toxicity. At present, scientists were searching about natural substance it causes protect the body from the side effect of cyclophosphamide effect which dose causes numerous effects on sperm parameters and testicular histology such as testicular toxicity. Lycopene is natural substance found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables, recent studies showed that lycopene can improve the body metabolism and decreased the reactive oxygen species in the cell, moreover it can used as antioxidant material to reduce the harmful effect of drugs and substances used for the correction of many disorders in the body. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the protective effect of lycopene to reduce the effects of cyclophosphamide on 40 male rats after induced testicular toxicity. In conclusion, these results suggest the lycopene have a protective effect against cyclophosphamide and can improve the sperm parameters, in additionally the result showed amazing protection and promote the testisticulat tissue to normal tissue substratum.

Abstract: One of diabetic type 2 (T2D) complications is diabetic nephropathy, the glycated hemoglobin, poor diabetic control, are considered as risk factors for renal damage. current study aim the I/D polymorphism ACE gene and serum ACE levels may increase the diabetic nephropathy complications susceptibility in a sample population of Al-Najaf in Iraq. a total of 90 T2D patients(about 32 without nephropathy and 58 with nephropathy) and 50 healthy persons, all groups age were>45years old. The ACE I/D polymorphism was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using special primers, followed by electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel. we record significant differences between the ACE I/D polymorphism in T2D and control was (P < 0.01). the DD genotype of ACE I/D polymorphism the risk for T2D increased (OR=7.2 fold), as well as, the carriers D allele, the risk (OR=0.55). also T2D patients had a significantly higher level in ACE in diabetic nephropathy(DN) and lower level in T2D without nephropathy if compared with controls (P < 0.01). Our evident show the carriers DD genotype had more serum ACE levels than carriers II genotype in T2D.

Abstract The occurrence of abnormal balance between both anti-oxidant defenses and free radicals raises the oxidative stress, which is associated with damage to macromolecules and cell dysfunction which leads to variety of diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional detoxification enzymes. An important condition influencing GSTs gene expression is oxidative stress, often noticed in diabetes. Multiplex PCR was conducted to detect the polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. Observations on a 100 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and 40 non diabetic as control were used. The associations of various null and present genotypes of both GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes with fast blood glucose, lipids profile and blood pressure were compared between the two groups. Null GSTT1 genotype (66%) was 5.11 folds more than control (27.5). Null GSTM1 genotype (65%) was 4.33 folds more than control (30%). NullGSTT1 and null GSTM1 genotype (60%) was 5.16 folds more than control (22.5%). Both present GSTT1 and present GSTM1 genotypes conferred statistical significance decrease in the risk to T2DM comparing to null genotypes. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP & DBP) was significantly higher in individuals of null GSTT1 and GSTM1 than in those with present GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes respectively. Fasting blood glucose and triglycerides were significantly higher in individuals of null GSTT1 than in those with present genotype, whereas, HDL was significantly lower than in those with present GSTT1 genotype. Fasting blood glucose and triglycerides of null GSTM1 genotype were significantly higher than in those with present GSTM1 genotype, whereas HDL was significantly lower than in those with present GSTM1 genotype (p ≤ 0.05). Key Words: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Glutathione S-transferase, Genetic polymorphism