Muneer Kadhum Khudhair Khudhair

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in the world specifically in Iraq, compared to other cancers, that affects men of old ages of 50 years and more, but it rarely affects men that lesser than this age category. Benign prostate hyperplasia (B.P.H) is not cancer and does not develop into cancer. But it can be a serious medical problem for some men. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histologic diagnosis that refers to the proliferation of smooth muscle and epithelial cells. The current study included extracting RNA from white blood cells and then converting it to cDNA. The gene expression of the Sam 68 was estimated in patients with Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Hyperplasia using Real time-PCR. The thesis also included the estimation of the studied chemical parameters by ELISA, which are: AKT1, B- catenin . The purity and concentration of RNA was estimated in two ways: using two techniques, the first is Nano Photometer, where the concentration was 55 ±13, and another technique called Quantus Fluorometer, and the concentration was 58 ±4.2. The current study proved that the sam68 gene was high gene expression in prostate cancer, where were highly significant P˂0.001, when compared to the gene expression in healthy people by using real time- pcr in presence the house keeping gene. Also, the gene expression was higher at the greater the age of the patient, as it was of high significance P˂0.001 whenever the age of the patient with prostate cancer was greater than 50 years, while the gene expression was of less significance when the patient is less than 50 years old, but in a lesser degree.There was no statistical significance in gene expression between benign prostate patients compared with healthy people, where a p value of more than 0.001. The studied chemical markers was estimated in the serum of patients with prostate tumors (60 with PCa and 60 BPH), using the ELISA technique. The current study showed that the enzyme AKT1 was highly activity in prostate cancer and benign prostate patients when compared with the it’s activity in healthy people and was of high significance, as it recorded a P <0.001. Statistical results of the Beta-catenin protein were highly significant in patients with prostate cancer and BPH and the value of P <0.001

Urease catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide. The increase in pH from the urease reaction causes a broad range of deleterious effects. Nanoceria (cerium oxide) possesses unique chemical properties under a redox reaction. This study investigated the synthesis of nanoceria via a hydrothermal method and determined its interaction with urease enzyme. Transmission electron microscopy results showed a cubic-figured nanoceria with a size of ~15 nm. Urease was immobilized on nanoceria through adsorption. The maximum velocity (Vmax) and Michaelis constant (Km) of the free urease and urease immobilized on nanoceria decreased after interaction with nanoceria, and the Lineweaver-Burk plot showed an uncompetitive inhibition. The thermodynamic study of the adsorption process showed an endothermic reaction. The interaction changed the secondary and tertiary structures of urease as demonstrated by the circular dichroism study (the decrease in both α- and β-structure percentages). The fluorescence study revealed a change in the tertiary structure. The FTIR for the nanoceria—urease complex showed no changes in the covalent bonds, which indicated the involvement of physical forces in the interaction between urease and nanoceria.

Milk is a very important human nutritive since their consumption has increased in recent years. The aim of this paper was to determine the content of major and minor elements in different milk samples. The current study included measuring the percentages of fat, protein, lactose and solids non fat. Also the present study involved determination some essential minerals in milk, such as measured concentration of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, and iron. Milk was sampled in March 2016 on ten farms in the Najaf Province directly into plastic bottles (to avoid contamination). The reported data showed that the essential contents of milk of selected farms were have a significant difference and P > 0.05