Mohammed Lateef Aziz Twayej

The study is an attempt to discuss the social deficiencies in Europe in post-war times. European countries are in a dilemma after the first and second World Wars. Many scholars and literary writers reflect on this dilemma in their literary writings. Jean Genet is at the top of the list due to his unique living experiences within French society. His life provides a vivid image of the living conditions of Europeans after the wars. Genet adds a unique flavour to the literary canon by depicting the real life he goes through. In one of his masterpieces, The Balcony, he paid much attention to shifting roles inside and outside the brothel. In doing so, he reveals the sense of nihilism and absurdity in European societies after experiencing war. Thus, the study focuses on the nihilistic and absurd views of Genet in The Balcony to show his disdain for the social norms, traditions, and even customs, as the main feature of Avant-Garde theatre. Index Terms - absurdity, Avant-Garde, nihilism, post-war drama

The study is an attempt to discuss Bharati Mukherjee’s social identity in a remarkable work of diasporic Indian literature, Days and Nights in Calcutta, based on Henri Tajfel’s theory. Days and Nights in Calcutta is classified as one of the most prominent works in diaspora literature. It is a shared work of Bharati Mukherjee and her Canadian husband, Clark Blaise, in which they record their daily life for fourteen months in India. While reading the text, it is easy for the reader to capture the two opposite perspectives, the Western and Eastern. The Western attitude is represented in Clark Blaise’s section, in which he conveys his own experience in India by describing the streets, hotels etc. He reflects the Western eye of Indian culture by drawing the contradictions of the Indian culture with the Western one. The Eastern lens is presented in Mukherjee’s section when she narrates her leaving India when she was a little girl to Europe and her return after a long absence to her homeland. In her narration, she seeks reconciliation and reunion again with her origin. She suffers the culture clashes and racial discrimination for most of her life. Her identity is torn between the Eastern and Western cultures. European culture treated her as an Indian due to her skin colour, while in India, she is Western due to her looks. Thus, the study attempts to discuss Mukherjee’s social identity in the light of social psychology and to examine whether the writer can adopt a new culture to get a reunion after a long absence. Moreover, it also focuses on the transformative experiences of Mukherjee, which she acquires while abroad, such as racial discrimination in alien cultures due to her race, culture, and origin, leading to discrimination against her people in the homeland. Keywords: Identity crisis, other, racial discrimination, self, social identity

Racism is one of the main decencies of metropolitan societies. It hesitates the social structure which leads to classify the inhabitants according to their race. United States is on the top of the list to suf er from this social deficiency. Many American writers and novelists tackle this issue to find out the causes behind this phenomena. Others reflect their unfairly attitudes toward other races especially African-American citizens. One of them is William Faulkner who unfairly treats black people in his novel The Sound and the Fury. Therefore, the study deals with Faulkner’s novel as one of the most famous novels in American literature which records the social struggle in America after the Civil War. It portrays the life of two dif erent racial families, the White Compsons and the Black Gibsons. The white family plays the role of the master, while the black one is the servant. Thus, the paper focuses on the unremarkable theme of the racial struggles between White and Black families. The points of this investigation are to discover the reasons for racial discrimination and to examine the characterization of the novel and the use of the language by the novelist, which shows some aspects of racial discrimination. The study is based on racism and racial discrimination approaches and social psychology theories. Keywords: Racial Discrimination, Racism, Slavery, South, William Faulkner

The Kite Runner is the first Afghan novel written in English by the Afghan-American novelist Khaled Hosseini. In his debut novel, he surprises his readers with the different stages that his protagonist goes through to get their sympathy after the past sin he has committed. Amir, the protagonist, experiences living in different conditions during his childhood in Afghanistan and his adulthood in America. Living between two cultures provides the character different stages through his life. In this article, the study focuses on the protagonist’s self-development as the stages of cultural resistance. They are necessary to the post-colonial intellectuals providing them persistence, encouragement, and resistance to the dominating forces. Using Fanon's Theory of cultural resistance to analyze Amir's self-development stages at different stages. This article aims to reveal the motivations behind Amir's persistence and encouragement for the readers to have a better comprehension of his diasporic experiences as the reason for his strength. Index Terms - assimilation, cultural resistance, redemption, resistance, The Kite Runner

Woman of Igbo culture of Nigeria is a rich ingredient to be explored from the postcolonial lens. Igbo culture is depicted in Achebe's remarkable work Things Fall Apart (1959) which is a paramount novel that incarnates how the status of African woman has collapsed in Igbo's community due to the impact of colonization. Achebe’s novel demonstrates unfairness and devaluation of women’s social status. It also focuses on the African women who experienced double colonization and subaltern status by the oppression of colonialism and patriarchal society. The study aims to explore how woman becomes victim in African community under the effect of the foreign colonizer represented by British colonization and the local colonizer represented by patriarchy. The study also explores the mystery of marginalized female characters in Things Fall Apart. That is achieved on light of concepts propounded by postcolonial thinker Spivak (1993) who concentrates on the social condition of African individuals under the ideologies of colonialism and post-colonialism. The paper focuses on the position of African women in Igbo's community in Achebe's Things Fall Apart during the era of colonization. Keywords: Colonization, Double Colonization, Subaltern, Marginality, Igbo Community, Women Image

The cultural fragmentation of Iraq is a rich ingredient to be studied from the postcolonial perspective. Iraqi culture is incarnated in Antoon's postcolonial diasporic literary text The Corpse Washer (2010), which is a paramount novel that depicts how the indigenous culture has been distorted in Iraqi society due to colonial ideologies. Antoon's novel concentrates on the impacts of these ideologies on the Iraqi indigenous culture leading to the influence of the revolutionary spirit of Iraqis. It also demonstrates the Iraqi people who experienced feelings of marginalization due to internalizing the colonial culture through different educational institutions such as schools and universities. The study explores how Antoon uses a Western version of art as a medium for incarnating the effects of the colonizer, helping to rewrite history with a native perspective. The study also investigates how the postcolonial diasporic novel The Corpse Washer in the literary canon can help to restore the indigenous Iraqi culture for the indigenous people in the homeland and the diaspora. It works as a cultural glue for cultural fragmentation due to the colonial subject. The paper underlines Iraqi society's cultural means and symbols in Antoon's The Corpse Washer during American colonization. Keywords: art, cultural glue, indigenous culture, literature