mohammed ahmed AbdulNabi Al-Timeemy

The development of 6G wireless networks brings very important challenges in choosing frequency bands on a highly diverse spectrum of communication technologies, especially those with various weather conditions. This paper presents a real-time dynamic mathematical model called the heuristic intelligent optimal controller, HIOC, which has been designed to choose optimally the frequency bands in real time over Sub-6 GHz, cmWave, mmWave, THz, and Optical Wireless bands in both Line-of-Sight, LOS, and Non-Line-of-Sight, NLOS, environments. Extensive simulation results were presented to show that Sub-6 GHz is stable for any kind of weather and, therefore, can be considered more reliable in harsh conditions with rain, fog, and dust. In contrast, higher frequency waves such as mmWave and THz are superior in clear condition performance but led to severe BER degradation under bad weather conditions, especially for the case of NLOS. It points out that the good performance of Optical Wireless is restricted to only LOS and clear weather conditions, while it is not suitable for NLOS or other bad environmental conditions. The proposed HIOC model dynamically adapts to fluctuating environmental and network conditions for the optimal data transmission rate, minimum errors, latency, and energy use. The key findings allow for scalable, efficient, and resilient communication for 6G heterogeneous networks in a wide range of environmental conditions.

This paper investigates the potential transformation to be ushered in by 6G technology in telecommunications, enabling huge data rates, low latencies, high-reliability connectivity, and broadened connections based on its heterogeneous cellular architecture. It is a complex work dealing with an analysis of the evolution toward 6G while using heterogeneous networks (HetNets) that take advantage of various technologies, such as small cells, macro cells, non-terrestrial networks (NTNs), and ultra-dense networks (UDNs). It discusses the architectural progress, such as spectrum efficiency, advanced beamforming, and application of AI and ML toward network optimization for 6G HetNets. The deployment challenge for the 6G HetNets: spectrum allocation, energy efficiency, interoperability, security, with solutions such as cognitive radio networks, energy harvesting, and blockchain for improved security. It also delves into the far-reaching impacts of 6G HetNets in sectors like smart cities, autonomous driving, IoT, telemedicine, and AR/VR experiences. The importance of 6G is further expounded in achieving seamless connectivity, superior mobile broadband, and supporting massive machine-type communications, therefore reshaping our digital interactions. The paper concludes on the significance of collaborative research, policy development, and standardization efforts in 6G deployment complexity management and exploitation of the full potential of 6G toward technological and societal development. It presents a holistic view of 6G’s heterogeneous cellular architecture, emphasizing its architectural innovations, challenges, and the promising future it portends for wireless communication systems.

The increasing demand on the internet trafficking exerts too much pressure to meet the demands of video streaming and mobile communication. Accordingly, this demand results in providing high bandwidth that increases the use of cells on the network. However, the current networks do not meet the requirements of the necessary data rate. Therefore, the Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) network and the Radio over Fiber (RoF) technology are the ideal solution for providing the necessary data rate needed in the current networks. The DWDM will increase both of the transmission distance and the data rate. Nonetheless, the DWDM network will be compromised especially by the Non-linear effects. This study is intended to propose a system to find solutions for the issues of increasing the data rate and for reducing the nonlinear effects. There are number of technologies that could be adopted to fix such issues, which include; Optical Phase Conjugation (OPC), Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA), and Digital Signal Processing (DSP). Notwithstanding, DSP-128 QAM-SCRO (Squared Cosine Roll off) filter has been used in this study. Then its performance was compared with the performance of the Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) to establish which one of these two is optimal to increase the data rate and to eliminate the nonlinear effects. The performance of the proposed system has been evaluated in terms of the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), Bit Error Rate (BER), Q Factor and Eye-Diagram. The EVM has been measured in the proposed system prior to employing the DSP-128 QAM-SCRO technology, and it has reached the value 22.5%. However, when the EVM has been measured after employing the DSP-128 QAM-SCRO technology, it has reached the value 8.5%. Similarly, the values of BER and Q factor have been found to be acceptable and in accordance with ITU-T. Finally, the proposed system has been simulated via the software Optisystem 17.

In this study, a structure has been proposed implementing the optical Plasmonic logic gates (OR, NOR, AND, NAND, NOT) using the linear Plasmonic waveguide and the double ring resonator. The results of these gates were analyzed and simulated by means of Comsol Multiphysics (5.6) using Finite Element Analysis (2-FEM). These gates were implemented in the same structure depending on the characteristic of constructive and destructive optical interference between the signals propagating in the input ports and the control port, the phase and direction of those signals, as well as the positions of these ports. Hence, the performance of these gates was measured according to two criteria, first, the optical transmission ratio and the second, the contrast ratio, which is the ratio between the transmitter ON state of logic (1) and OFF for logic (0)

Abstract. In the field of optics the tinier devices are the better; therefore, the diffraction limit of light seems like an essential limitation in the way of that field. In return, new methods have appeared to resolve this issue. One of these methods is the plasmonic technology which allows light pressure into nanostructures. The current study proposes all-optical logic gates based on metal insulator metal structures (mim) waveguide. This waveguide has an important characteristic which is restricting the applied light strongly far from the diffraction limit. The proposed structure is small compared to the applied wavelength. The optical plasmonic gates proposed are (OR, NOR, AND, NAND, NOT). The comsol multiphysics 5.5 software was used for simulation by the 2-D FDTD method. Hence, these five gates will be obtained by optical interference between the propagating signals through the input ports and the control ports, whose positions can be altered according to the gate needed. The implementation and simulation of the proposed gates were all in the same structure, with the same dimensions, the same wavelength and the same transmission threshold, with applicable wavelength of (1550 nm). The performance of the proposed plasmonic gates was tested by two criteria; the optical transmission ratio and the contrast ratio, which is the ratio between the ON and OFF states of the proposed gate

t The motivation of this study springs from the need of exploiting the advantages of high data rate and increased mobility of the transmitted signal in the Next Generation Passive Optical Network stage 2 (NG-PON2) incorporated into Radio over Fiber (RoF) system. Nonetheless, such system is prone to degradation due to the nonlinear effects, namely, the non-linear impairments. Accordingly, this study suggests a design for a fullduplex NG-PON2-RoF system and it investigates the impact of the nonlinear effects on the performance of system, such as; Self-Phased Modulation (SPM), Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM), and Four-Wave Mixing (FWM). However, these effects would result in a significant data loss in Time and Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive Optical Network (TWDM-PON). To achieve the intended purpose of this investigation, both the performance of the suggested system and the nonlinear effects of SPM, XPM, and FWM are measured with reference to the qualitative parameters, such as; Bit Error Rate (BER), Q-Factor, Power link Budget, and the Eye-diagram. The results show that the system performs efficiently; however, in the presence of the nonlinear effects, the performance of the systems degrades significantly affecting the signal quality. It is worth noting that the FWM effect yields the most negative impact followed by the XPM, and the SPM effect yields the least significant impact on the system. Also, the system yields the capacity of transmitting range of 20-100 Km, and it results in data rate of 40-80 Gbps. The proposed system is simulated using the software Optisystem 15.

The Quality Assurance and University Performance Department, in collaboration with the Faculty of Pharmacy, organized a specialized workshop titled: "Levels and Skills of Scientific Research and its Smart Tools: From Problem Formulation to Global Publication Horizons." Objectives and Target Audience The workshop targeted postgraduate students (Master's and PhD) to achieve a qualitative leap in research methodology. Its primary goals included: Equipping researchers with modern digital qualifications. Promoting the transition toward AI-enhanced scientific research. Bridging the knowledge gap to achieve global publication in prestigious journals (Scopus & Clarivate). Methodological Themes and Research Tools The workshop featured a scientific lecture delivered by Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Abdel-Nabi, a faculty member at the College of Engineering. He highlighted essential tools that enhance academic output, most notably: Organizational Tools: Indexes, thesauri, and specialized dictionaries. Digital Platforms: The role of thematic platforms in efficiently managing and utilizing information sources. Key Workshop Outcomes The workshop successfully enabled participants to understand the fundamental pillars of scientific research, which included: I. The Three Pillars of Scientific Evidence: Linguistic Evidence: To refine phrasing and communicate ideas with precision. Philosophical Evidence: To build the logical and theoretical framework of the research. Scientific Evidence: To ensure the robustness of the methodology and results. II. The Five Levels of Informational Research: Researchers were introduced to the hierarchy of handling information through the following levels: Direct Level: Rapid access to information. Thematic Level: Categorizing information within its specialized context. Textual Level: Deep content analysis and understanding. Network Level: Interconnecting information and its diverse sources. Smart Level: Utilizing Artificial Intelligence techniques to derive solutions and innovation.

Al-Kufa University - Central Library held a successful online workshop on September 22, 2025, titled "Smart Scientific Research Tools in the Digital Environment," delivered by Dr. Mohammed Ahmed Abdul Nabi. The session, aimed at Postgraduate (Master's and Ph.D.) students, focused on clarifying key terminology, including smart research tools, specialized tools, and assisting programs/applications. This initiative effectively boosted students' knowledge of utilizing the latest digital technologies for efficient academic research.