Muthik Abdmuslim Guda Almithhachi

Tirmania nivea (Desf.) Trappe,1971 has high commercial value. This study was aimed to assess the quality and suitability of Tirmania nivea for human use by determining their heavy metals content and susceptibility to heavy metals accumulation. Concentrations of lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) were tested in different fungus samples grown in different soils of the semi-arid regions of Iraq. Heavy metals concentrations were found in range of level ordered from high to low Cr < Ni < Cd < Pd. The soil contents of cadmium were about five times and the firm was about one and a half times above the global scale (0.1 to 1) mg/kg, while Cr, Ni and Pb concentrations were lower than the reference ranges in the United States and Chinese soil (70, 20, 300) mg/kg respectively. Transfer factor from soil to the fruits was more than one except for Cr. The high transport rate of this mineral in the buds of Tirmania nivea makes it suitable to extract the mineral from the soil. There was a significant linear correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the fruit of T. nivea and those in the study soil except for Cr. This finding suggests that T. nivea can be considered a biological indicator of soil heavy metal contamination. Concentrations of heavy metals in the current study below the danger state of human health that makes Tirmania nivea (Al Kamah) suitable for use as a food.

There are several biological and abiotic effects that negatively affect the plant, and the problem of salinity is one of the most important nonbiological obstacles in dry and semi-arid lands that affect all types of plants in all stages of the life cycle that begins with the stage of seed germination and seedling growth and ends with harvesting. Here we study our interpretation of the impact of salinity on different aspects of plants.

This study was conducted in 2018-2019 in three districts in Najaf province (the Najaf center, the Kufa center and Menathera) for assessing the drinking water pollutants and comparing between them in bacterial contamination

The aims of this research is assessing ecosystem services and helping to integrate the multiplicity functions of urban ecosystems into city planning and management processes. Among the important impacts of trees in gardens and streets in removing CO2 and improving air quality and climate, In the center of Al-Najaf (Iraq). This study included realistic statistics and was incorporated into a modified program (ITE Eco Model), where the trees were inventoried. Then assess the status of trees and the variation in tree types and use this information in the assessment of environmental services .According to this study, it is recommended to increase park areas and care for trees and not to cut them from the point of view of ecosystem service, according to the key to the ecosystem of afforestation.

Reed plants were grown in a controlled laboratory environment. The aim of study is explain the effect of heat stress to anatomical feature of vascular system in Phragmites australis. The results show that high temperature increasing the diameter and density of xylem vessels. However, high temperature decreases the density of xylem vessels. There are differences in development of vascular bundle at 25 °C. It is represented as optimum degree for growing. When the temperature increased to 35 °C and 45 °C, the diameter of the metaxilem vessels and the diameter of the phloem are decreased over time until 18 weeks to the lower diameter. The diameter and vascular distances are showed an increase in the thickness of cell walls with increased thermal stress. Sclerenchyma cells are increased in number with increased exposure to heat stress. A comprehensive study of the temperature effects on plant vascular tissues and water can help us to understand plant responses to climate change. Thus improving breeding programs for climate-resistant types.

This study was conducted in the microbiology laboratory of the ecology department, faculty of science, in order to evaluate the effect of Bombax ceiba leaves extract and Pleurotus ostreatus fungi filterate to treat some of dermatophytic fungi . A bout 50 samples of infectious fungi were collected for isolation. The samples that isolated from skin scraps, human nail clippings, and the fingers were diagnosed as Aspergillus fumigantus which was (41.57%) followed by Aspergillus niger of (37.36%) while other isolated fungi represented 22% on (SDA) medium. The results showed that the epidermis is the most infected by the fungus which reached (54%) in compared with the rest of the body,also the results indicated that the percentage of infection of males was more than females which was 64%The results also , showed that the tested samples on SDA medium, were highly sensitive (100%) to the extract of bombax ceiba leaves in compared with the other antimicrobial artificial agents (Griseofulvin, Miconazole, Nystatin, ketoconazole. wheras the inhibition diameters for studied fungi were 2.5 mm,2mm.1mm and 0 mm, respectively,While the inhibitory effect of the Pleurotus ostreatus fungus filterate was found to be less than susceptibility from the bombax leaves extract which was 75% of petridish area.

Indian Journal of Environmental Protection

Salt induced land degradation has gradually increased in several major irrigation schemes within arid and semi-arid regions. To maximize crop productivity under saline conditions, either salt tolerance crops should be cultivated or areas should be desalinated. One of the most promising and cost-effective ways to maximize crop productivity is to use salt tolerant plants to remove salt from the soil. For this study, four levels of saline soils were cultivated with the halophyte species (Ricinus communis and Olea europaea) in pots. The soils had the following salinity levels: non-saline soil (OSS, 0.9 dS/m), slightly saline soil (LSS, 4.2 dS/m), moderately saline soil (SMS, 7.2 dS/m) and highly saline soil (SHS, 14.1 dS/m). To assess the salt tolerance capacity of the halophytes, physiological and biochemical parameters as well as the accumulation of leaf Na+ and Cl– ions in the halophytes were investigated. Soils were additionally evaluated for electrical conductivity, pH and soil ion concentrations prior to planting and the following harvest. The fresh and dry weights of both halophytes increased with increasing salinity levels (P < 0.05). The proline contents of Ricinus communis and Olea europaea were 3.1 and 4.6 times higher, respectively than within the same species grown under control conditions. The malondialdehyde and membrane stability index values for Ricinus communis were insignificant under all salt conditions. Only Olea europaea showed significantly higher membrane damage under SHS conditions. In a similar manner, the chlorophyll content of both halophytes was not impacted for all of the salinity levels. Na+ and Cl- concentrations significantly decreased in soils that were planted with both halophytes (P < 0.05). The impact of Ricinus communis on the removal of Na+ from SHS was significantly higher than that of Olea europaea and removed 151.4 mmol Na+/pot as compared to the removal of 61.2 mmol Na+/pot by Olea europaea.

The aims of this research is assessing ecosystem services and helping to integrate the multiplicity functions of urban ecosystems into city planning and management processes. Among the important impacts of trees in gardens and streets in removing CO2 and improving air quality and climate, In the center of Al-Najaf (Iraq). This study included realistic statistics and was incorporated into a modified program (ITE Eco Model), where the trees were inventoried. Then assess the status of trees and the variation in tree types and use this information in the assessment of environmental services .According to this study, it is recommended to increase park areas and care for trees and not to cut them from the point of view of ecosystem service, according to the key to the ecosystem of afforestation.

Bupleurum L. from Apiacece family in Iraq. Present in north region in Iraq especially in Hasaro mountain (north-east of Erbil) in Rowanduz district (Mro).The identification of the plant specimens confirmed by the keys in the flora of Iraq, molecular description was done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to investigate the complete sequencing of the chloroplast gene Rpl16. which was determined for four species of Bupleurum . Hohenackeria exscapa as out group. Cluster analysis using PhyDE and mega6 Software

This study was concerned with the assessment of soil environment quality and to test the suitability of Atriplex nummularia for bio-indicating of soils heavy metals. To achieve these goals were examined the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, Ag and Cr accumulation in the different organs of plants in the context of different soil in Al Najaf- Al Ashraf, Iraq in 2016. The heavy metals in Deserts soil were found to increase in the order of Cr< Ag < Cd < Co <Pd , while in agriculture soil were increased in Cr < Ag < Cd <Pd< Co. Deserts soil was the highest concentration of heavy metal except for Co. The soils contents of Cd were about five times and Co were about one and a half times above the worldwide range. On the other hand, Cr, Ag and pb concentrations were below the reference ranges of the United States and Chinese soils. The heavy metal bioaccumulation decreased according to the order of root> leaf for Pb and Cd ; and leaf > root for Co, Ag andCr. The mean (transfer factor from root to stem) TF(Rt/SE) in desert soil for (Pb, Cd, Co and Cr) and the mean (transfer factor from above ground to below ground) TF (AG/BG) for Pb were more than one. Agricultural soil showed that the mean TF(Rt/SE) for (Cd and Cr) and the mean TF (AG/ BG) for Co were more than one. The higher transmission ratio of this metal in Atriplex nummularia shoots make it suitable for phytoextraction from soil. There was a significant linear correlation between the concentration of heavy metals in the root of Atriplex nummularia and that in the soil. This result suggests that Atriplex nummularia can be regarded as bio-indicator for heavy metals pollution of soils.

This study has been conducted to assess and analyze the nature and environmental characteristics of Baher Al-Najaf depression (BAND) and their effect on nutrients Concentration of Phragmites australis as responses to Environmental Stresses and use it as fodder, has been studied for 12 month in four different sites. Samples were collected monthly for the period February, 2015 to January 2016, taken from four selected sites in (BAND), Iraq.The environmental factors of water studied include: Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Salinity, Water pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), ions, Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Bicarbonate (HCO32-), Sulfate (SO42-), Chloride (Cl-1), and sodium (Na1+) ions. Results of water quality have proved the highest values of environmental factors were in autumn and summer while, least environmental factors were in winter and spring. Environmental factors were gradients significantly high at site as follows S2 > S3 > S4 > S1.The studied factors of climate are : Air Temperature, Relative Humidity, Intensity of Solar Radiation , Precipitation Rates, Day Length and Evaporation Rate. Results have shown that climatic factors affected water resources and salinity level in (BAND). The changes in the nutrient cycling and/or accumulation are in most cases unpredictable, and that is why detailed description of the local structure and state of within-stand development are necessary. The ability and translocation are important, especially in changing environments with varying supply of resources. Ionic contents Na+ and Cl- significantly increased, whereas K+, TP (Total Phosphor) and TN (Total Nitrogen) decreased with increasing levels of environmental stresses in each site and season. In general it can be use Phragmites australis as fodder in suitable environmental factors and it cannot be used as fodder in stress environmental factors due to decrease in nutrients concentration of Phragmites australis.

الملخص : تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى معرفة تأثير زراعة شجرة نخيل التمر Phoniex dactylifera في العوامل المناخية المختلفة في ثلاثة مناطق )منطقة زراعية في العباسية(و)منطقة صناعية في قرب معمل سمنت الكوفة(و)منطقة صحراوية في خان النص ( في محافظة النجف الاشرف من خلال دراسة الصفات المظهرية لشجرة النخيل ودراسة محتوى الكلوروفيل (a) و (b) ، ودراسة عناصر المناخ في مناطق الدراسة , ومقارنة درجة الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية والغبار العالق في الهواء والاوراق لجميع مناطق الدراسة وحللت النتائج إحصائيا لغرض المقارنة ،و أجريت التجربة لمدة اثنتا عشر شهر خلال سنة التجربة ) 2012 ( . بينت النتائج إلى أن النبات محب لدرجات الحرارة العالية ويتحمل الجفاف ولا تقل مؤشراته الحيوية بارتفاع درجات الحرارة ،كما أن النبات قد أثر بعوامل المناخ من درجة الحرارة والرطوبة النسبية والغبار العالق حيث ظهر ان درجة الحرارة في ظلال اشجار النخيل تقل بمعدل ) 7( مْ ,وان الرطوبة النسبية تزداد بقدار 12 % وكمية الغبار العالق اقل بنسبة 15 % وهذا يعني أن زراعة شجرة نخيل التمر Phoniex dactylifera تستطيع ان تحسن ظروف المناخ بالإضافة الى تأقلمه مع الظروف البيئية غير المناسبة .

This study determined the natural and environmental characteristics of Baher Al-Najaf Depression (BAND) in Iraq and their effect on nutrients of Typha domingensis as responses to environmental stresses in 4 sites. Samples were collected monthly (February 2015 to January 2016). The environmental factors of water and sediment were included: Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Salinity, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness (TH), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), Sulfate (SO4 2-), Potassium (K+1), Chloride (Cl-1), Sodium (Na1+), and Total Organic Carbon (TOC). The highest values of the environmental factors were found to be at autumn and summer whereas the lowest values were at winter and spring. Environmental factors were ordered significantly as follows: S2> S3> S4> S1. The studied factors of climate were air temperature, relative humidity, the intensity of solar radiation, precipitation rate and evaporation rate. This study has shown that climatic factors effected on water resources and salinity level in BAND. Ionic contents (Na+ and Cl-) were increased significantly whereas K+, TP, and TN were decreased with increasing levels of environmental stresses at each site along with the season. In general, the levels of nutrients (N and P) were