مروة طالب عبود عوفي

The escalating scarcity of water resources poses a significant challenge to global agriculture, threatening the yield and quality of high-value crops such as grapes (Vitis vinifera). Using a trellis system, grapes are not only consumed fresh but are also critical raw materials for products like juices, wines, and raisins, where consistent quality, sugar content, and phytochemical composition are paramount. Sustainable strategies to mitigate water stress effects and enhance fruit quality are therefore of immense industrial interest. This study investigated the efficacy of foliar potassium (K) application as a practical agricultural strategy to ameliorate the adverse effects of different irrigation levels on grape productivity and, more importantly, on key quality attributes relevant to the food processing industry. A field experiment was conducted following a factorial arratement based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Grapevines were subjected to two irrigation levels (100%, 75%, and 50% of crop evapotranspiration - Etc.) and three concentrations of foliar potassium (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% K2O). Parameters measured included yield, cluster weight, and a comprehensive set of quality traits: total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, berry firmness, and the concentration of anthocyanins and total phenolics. Water deficit significantly reduced yield but enhanced most quality parameters. The 50% Etc. treatment led to a notable increase in TSS, TSS/TA ratio, and anthocyanin content. Foliar potassium application, particularly at 2%, effectively mitigated yield losses under stress and synergistically improved quality. The interaction between 75% Etc. and 2% K spray resulted in an optimal balance, achieving a yield comparable to full irrigation while significantly boosting TSS, phenolic content, and color intensity—attributes highly sought after for premium wine and juice production. The integrated management of deficit irrigation (75% Etc.) and foliar potassium nutrition (2%) presents a viable and sustainable strategy for the grape industry. This approach not only conserves water but also directs the plant's metabolism towards producing grapes with superior techno-functional quality, enhancing their suitability for high-value processed food products and contributing to the sustainability of agricultural practices.

Abstract This study was conducted in the laboratories of the faculty of Science / University of Kufa from October 2021 to March 2022, the Mirabilis jalapa(L.) plant was obtained from some gardens in Nagif City | A specific weight (10) grams of leaf powder was extracted separately by Maceration and vortex method using methanol 96% with three temperatures (30,40 and 50°C) degrees to obtain the best alcoholic extract . The qualitative analysis was studied for the detection phytochemicals using chemical reagents and GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the quality and quantity of phytochemical compounds in crude extraction methods used in this study. The extracts were chosen from the followed methods depending on the amount of active compounds in each extract diagnosed by GC-MS. Where the results of chemical tests for the alcoholic extract showed positive results for alkaloids using, phenols, terpenes, alkaloids and glycosides |Result show the alcoholic extract of the leaves of the plant using the Maceration method and a temperature of 30 ℃ showed the highest rate of the chemical compounds diagnosed using GC MS and were chosen as the best treatments in the subsequent experiments. Bacteria resistant to antibiotics study were obtained from the post Graduate Microbiology Laboratory / College of Science / University of Kufa. 15 bacterial samples were diagnosed by morphological, microscopic and biochemical tests. The diagnosis was confirmed using the Phytek device, and the percentage of gram positive was as follows S.aureus (48.57%), followed by P.aeruginosa (37.14%). Three concentrations of leafs extracts by Maceration 30°℃ as 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml were prepared for each of the selected extraction methods to evaluate the antibacterial activity at three replicates for each concentration using the geavure diffusion method. Keywords: Mirabilis jalapa; Phytochemicals extracted; Leafs

This study was conducted in the laboratories of the College of Science / University of Kufa from October 2021 to March 2022, the roots of Mirabilis jalapa(L.) plant was extracted by Soxhlet and Vortex methods using methanol solvent 96% with three temperatures (30,40 and 50 Cº) degrees to obtain the best alcoholic extract. GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the quality and quantity of phytochemical compounds in crude extracts used in this study. The extracts were chosen from the followed methods depending on the amount of active compounds in each extract diagnosed by GC-MS,. Two types of extracts (Soxhlet +40Cº and Vortex +50Cº) were chosen as separate treatments in the subsequent experiments. Bacteria resistant to antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus (48.57%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37.14%).were obtained from the post Graduate Microbiology Laboratory / College of Science / University of Kufa.Bacterial samples were diagnosed by morphological, microscopic and biochemical tests. The diagnosis was confirmed using the Phytek device, Three concentrations of roots extract 1, 5 and 10 mg/ml were prepared for each of the selected extraction methods and Temperature degree to evaluate the antibacterial activity at three replicates for each concentration using the well diffusion method. The qualitative analysis was studied for the detection phytochemicals using GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the quantity of phytochemical compounds in crude extraction methods used in this study. The higher phytochemicals reported 46 peaks indicating in roots of M.jalapa plant extract used Soxlate apparatus at 40℃ by GC-MS chromatography. The results showed that all extract concentrations gave bacterial growth inhibition and all species were more affected by increasing these concentration study Also, the results in current study reported that the highest growth inhibition rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was for the methanol extract by soxlat methods at 40Cº with an inhibition rate (23.33mm), while the lowest inhibition growth rate was for the alcoholic extract using Vortex methods at 30 Cº an inhibition rate (12.41mm) for the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Also, the grater bacteria affected by crude plant extract was Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 10 mg/ml.