Majida Hameed Obaid Khazaal

Objective: to compare the absorption of this drug on two surfaces of Iraqi kaolin and rice husks, which are considered environmentally friendly natural products and available locally. Methods: Ciprofloxacin adsorption from an aqueous solution was studied with respect to contact time, pH, and concentration. 30 min was determined to be the equilibrium time. Increasing the drug concentration on both adsorbents increased the adsorption rate, and the data fit well into a pseudo-second-order model. The solution concentration was analysed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Then the amount of adsorption was calculated, as well as the study of the reaction kinetics for both surfaces. The rice husk adsorbent showed faster removal with higher uptake than the Kaolin clay in both SGF and SIF solutions. Results: The adsorption isotherms of type (S4, S2) were found on the surface of rice husks and kaolin clay type (L3, L4) in stomach and intestine fluids, respectively. On Iraqi kaolin clay, adsorption is well described by the pseudo-second-order model, and the Tempkin adsorption isotherm provides a good fit for the Stomach. Whereas adsorption on rice husk is well described by the Freundlich isotherm, which is a good fit for the intestine. the adsorption is predominantly physical. The best maximum adsorption capacities were calculated on both surfaces in the following order: stomach-kaolin>intestinal fluids-rice husks>stomach-rice husks>intestinal fluids-kaolin. Conclusion: Both kaolin and rice husk are possible adsorbents that could be used to get antibiotics out of water.

Drug abuse or overdose in accidents is a serious social issue. This study concerned the adsorption behaviour of the Valium drug in both simulated gastric and intestinal pH onto the untreated eggshell powder by using UV spectroscopy. The effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, pH-solution, an adsorbent dosage of Valium and temperature range (300-320k) on the adsorption capacities have been investigated. The suitability of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models to the experimental equilibrium data at different solution temperatures were calculated. The adsorption was well described by the Freundlich isotherm model and Langmuir, S3 for the stomach and S2 for the intestine according to the Giles classification. Thermodynamic parameters such as∆ H,∆ G, and∆ Sresults showed that the adsorption of the drug increases by increasing the temperature in the stomach solution, ie, the endothermic reaction decreases by increasing the temperature at the intestinal solution, ie, the reaction is exothermic. Experimental data were also tested in terms of adsorption kinetics, the results illustrated that the adsorption process was following pseudo-second-order kinetics in the stomach solution and first order in the intestinal solution.

Clean hydrogen generation for utilizing in applications like chemicals manufacturing and energy production is required. The direct conversion of methane into synthesis gas (H2, CO) by various catalytic reforming processes expanding interest in recent years to produce the feed stream required for solid oxide fuel cells. So large volumes of research have been reported focusing on hydrogen generation by methane dry reforming due to the utilization of greenhouse gasses (CH4, CO2). The conversion of a renewable product provides a route to future sustainable hydrogen whilst lowering some greenhouse gases emissions. Ni0.2Sr0.8Al0.05Zr0.95O3−δ perovskite catalyst for methane reforming has been synthesised by a green, low temperature hydrothermal method based on previously published work1 . The perovskite catalyst was characterized by techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, HR-SEM, EDS, BET, temperature programmed reduction, reaction TPR and temperature programmed oxidation TPO. The aim of this work was to develop active catalytic materials for methane reforming with high ability in suppressing coke formation using Perovskite (general formula ABO3) that been shown to be excellent catalysts

In the present paper, many unsaturated polyesters has been synthesized using maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride and succinic anhydride for esterification with new monomer [E)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one]. These polyesters were polymerized by condensation reaction . Their chemical structures were characterized using FTIR, 13C-NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Thermal properties have been analysed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry of synthesized polyesters All the polymers showed well thermal stability and perfect data of glass transition temperature (Tg) also the results showed polyesters and monomer were successfully synthesized by giving well spectrum improved existing an ester functional group (-COO-) in spectrums each polymer prepared also existent Chalcone functional group(-CO-CH=CH-) in spectrum of monomer.

The research included the preparation of the New Azo Oxime Ligand derived from 4, 5-diphenyl imidazole. The ligand was prepared from the amine reactor with the coupling component in order to prepare the azo salicialdehyde. After this the last compound and hydroxylamine hydrochloride which obtained the ligand mentioned some metallic complexes were prepared for the ions of each element Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Cd (II), Hg (II). The person of ligand and its metal complexes after sedimentation and purification by using the available spectral and analytical methods such as Mass spectrum of ultraviolet-visible and IR spectroscopy.

Greenhouse gases conversion have become an environmentally friendly way of producing H2 and CO that can be used as a fuel to power solid oxide fuel cells as well as wider industrial applications. The direct conversion of CH4 and CO2 into synthesis gas will reduce the impact of global warming as well as help avoid an energy crisis. This dissertation presents a comprehensive review of the design, preparation and catalytic activity of a variety of catalysts with a specific focus on the stability and ability to suppress coke formation. Dry reforming, biogas reforming and partial oxidation of methane were performed over hydrothermally synthesised co-doped perovskite nanomaterial, and the results compared to a conventional 10% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst at different temperatures and reaction times. SrZrO3 perovskite catalysts were modified by doping with 4% Ni and either 1% Al or Ru or Fe, aiming to increase the activity, stability and resistance to carbon deposition for reforming of methane reactions. The results have shown that all the pervoskites are catalytically active towards methane conversion reactions with a good resistance to carbon formation. Isothermal temperature programmed reaction studies were conducted to determine the operating conditions needed to inhibit carbon deposition, whilst still giving high activity and stability, as well as to study the potential of hydrothermally synthesised perovskite catalysts for methane reforming with different quantities and types of oxidant (CO2 and O2). The results show that elevated temperatures of more than 800 °C are required to achieve maximum reactant conversions and product yields for all catalysts with all three reforming methods used in this study.

A catalyst for the direct reforming of methane and simulated biogas has been prepared using a green and low temperature hydrothermal method. The nickel and iron codoped SrZrO3 perovskite shows catalytic activity comparable to 10% Ni/Al2O3, but with an almost 50% saving in nickel content and a significant reduction in unwanted carbon deposition through thermal decomposition of methane and the Boudouard reaction. The use of a catalyst with a low active metal content produced via a hydrothermal route provides an attractive and sustainable method of production of synthesis gas from both methane and biogas for potential use in solid oxide fuel cells.

Equilibrium adsorption isotherm for the removal of basic dye Methylene Blue from aqueous solution using dates seeds-activated carbon and sawdust wood were studied. The effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, effect of pH and adsorbent dosage and temperature of dye solution on the adsorption capacities have been investigated. The result shows the isotherms were S3 on dates seeds-activated carbon and S4 on sawdust wood according to Giels classification. Adsorption data was better fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlish isotherm on sawdust and fitted to the Freundlish only on activated carbon. The thermodynamic parameters such as∆ H,∆ Gand∆ Sof adsorption were calculated. The result in this study indicated that activated carbon from dates seeds and sawdust wood were attractive candidate for removing cationic dyes from the dye wastewater

The Kinetic and thermodynamic practical parameter affected adsorption process such as initial compound concentration acidity. Thermodynamic parameters, such as (ΔHº, ΔGº, ΔSº) have been calculated by using the thermodynamic equilibrium coefficient obtained at different temperatures and concentrations were (13.164 KJ. mol-1, 7.295 KJ. mol-1, 0.019695 KJ. mol-1 K-1respectively). The langmuir and freundlich adsorption model were applied to describe the equilib-rium isotherms. The adsorption kinetics of organic compound (DHMP) on the surface (GAO) obeyed the pseudo-first order equation and show that the adsorption is complex due to different factors that control the rate of reaction. In this work, the adsorption average constant (Kad) increase with the temperature increase when fixing concentration for the adsortion substance. Activation energy was calculated using Arrhenius equation which depends on …