ليث محمد عبد علي الخفاجي

An innovative hybrid microgeneration unit based on renewable energy sources has been proposed, which was developed for full integration into a specialized LED street lighting system. A key feature of this new system is the placement of several wind turbines in the very structure of the plant, and a photovoltaic panel is also integrated to generate electricity. Electricity is generated by energy conversion equipment along with a storage device that provides lighting even on calm nights. The main application of this project is stand-alone street lighting, but a grid-connected option is also possible, making the system compatible with microgrid concepts. A full-scale prototype of the lighting generator system was installed. A Matlab simulation was used to test the operating state of the proposed system for hybrid input power and battery voltage.

В настоящей статье была предложена, разработана и проанализирована гибридная система фотоэлектрических и ветроэнергетических мощностей, связанных с энергосистемой, с целью обеспечения системы освещения, активной мощности и компенсации реактивной мощности. Кроме того, были применены высокоточные и быстро реагирующие методы для максимального отслеживания мощности и управления в ветряных турбинах. Результаты моделирования наводят на мысль о подходящем отклике системы управления, улучшении качества электроэнергии за счет обеспечения нагрузки реактивной мощностью. Соответствующая скорость и точность наложенных изменений и отсутствие трансформаторов являются среди других достоинств предлагаемой системы.

During the operation of photovoltaic installations, the inconstancy of the energy characteristics of the flow of incident solar radiation adversely affects the generation of electrical energy. Consumers are highly dependent on climatic factors and solar insolation. For a more efficient operation of generating solar installations, it is necessary to conduct detailed studies of the characteristics of the auxiliary and control equipment of the photovoltaic system. When using mathematical programs to simulate the operating modes of solar power generating systems, it is possible to significantly improve the operating parameters of control units and auxiliary systems and increase the generation of electrical energy. The paper presents an improved electrical diagram of a photovoltaic generating system, its control elements, and the efficiency of energy generation is increased. It also describes a method for modeling the operating modes of photovoltaic (PV) modules, implemented in the Matlab/Simulink program

The use of renewable energy sources plays an irreplaceable role in remote areas where the power grid is not available. Photovoltaic power conversion (PV) and wind power conversion are the main types of renewable energy sources used. Hybrid systems are considered the most efficient solution for remote areas that are not connected to the centralized power grid. Renewable energy is attracting the attention of researchers around the world. The main challenge is to combine the various existing sources into a single model in order to benefit from each of them, while complementing each other's disadvantages. The possibilities of managing combined hybrid systems based on renewable energy sources are currently not thoroughly studied. To increase the generation of electrical energy and reduce losses during the operation of these systems, it is necessary to conduct research aimed at improving the interactions of individual nodes of the proposed generation systems and improving the calculation methods for hybrid power plants. The integrated use of solar and wind generation systems can significantly improve energy performance and increase the generation of electrical energy. This paper proposes a method for integrating a solar photovoltaic system, a wind turbine, and a diesel generator connected to a load. An additional load is also connected to the system to absorb excess power. The hybrid system model was developed in MATLAB / Simulink. A controller based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system was developed and the system analyzed in terms of energy production and consumption. The results obtained show the degree of increase in the reliability and stability of the system.

A significant number of installations based on renewable energy sources are currently used in energy complexes in regions with high solar radiation. In particular, importance is attached to the use of direct solar energy conversion systems. The use of solar installations to provide thermal and electric energy is one of the promising areas of resources and energy saving. For more efficient use of solar energy, you can use combined plants that produce both thermal and electrical energy. Installations themselves to save materials, space and assembly time can be combined with the roof of buildings and structures. The authors of the presented work conducted experimental studies and obtained comparative characteristics of the operation of thermal, photovoltaic and combined solar installations. The main purpose of this study is to discuss the possibility of the development of thermal design power plants to produce electric power conventional steam to work the semi-joint system to exploit an array of solar collectors concentrated type parabolic cylindrical in processing the amount of thermal energy for steam turbine unit. In the study of the effectiveness of different designs to link Matrix complexes solar concentration in thermal design of the plant steam and as a measure of effectiveness was the use of the amount of savings in the amount of fuel consumed for the production of an electric power network, as a result of the use of matrix compounds concentrating solar power (CSP) study showed economic efficiency and environmental design of the proposed terms of the amount of savings the lowest in the amount of fuel consumed in the network 177.5 tons/year. Design of thermal energy for solar collectors concentrated matrix. Accordingly, the decrease in the amount of thermal energy and the amount of nitrogen oxides, which produced in the surrounded medium 0.628 tons.

Some renewable energy technologies are already making significant market inroads. Other innovations, which could be the most helpful to a sustainable future, are still in the early stages of development. Most, on the other hand, are advancing at a faster rate than ever before; there are no technological roadblocks in the way of renewable energy. Renew-able energy is a force now and will be a big force in the future of America and Europe —the only question is when. Only the desire of states and governments in America and Eu-rope for renewable energy and investing in this field of energy and benefiting from it eco-nomically and preserving the environment — or the next great political upheaval in the Middle East—will determine the outcome. (PDF) TODAY AND TOMORROW'S RENEWABLE ENERGY. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356695028_TODAY_AND_TOMORROW'S_RENEWABLE_ENERGY [accessed Dec 02 2021].

Studying and designing different and sustainable energy sources has become an im-portant goal at this time to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, to reduce carbon emissions and to conserve the environment. The article examines the types of speed bump systems SBEG. These systems generate electricity as a result of the movement of cars of various weights on the streets and roads over them, and they convert kinetic energy into electrical power. The results show that when the mass of cars increases, this leads to an increase in the output power by the SBEG system. Finally, installing SBEG on the streets can produce enough electric energy for traffic signals, streetlight, power for the cameras and the light-ing of the bus station.

The paper discusses the possibilities of using hybrid composite structures to overcome the energy shortage in Iraq, as well as the development of an efficient system of solar, wind turbine diesel generators. In this article, a Diesel Generator is combined with a wind turbine and batteries on the basis that the sun's energy is not constant over time. The simulation was carried out using the HOMER program, which allows a detailed analysis of the volume and power of energy generated by the proposed system. The HOMER program is used for technical, economic, and environmental assessments. According to the results of the study, it was established that the most effective solution for saving electricity and overcoming energy shortages is a system consisting of renewable sources, as well as a diesel generator with batteries. The results also show that renewable energy sources used in the hybrid system provide about 69.2% of the electricity generated. This certainly improves the reliability of the electricity generated and reduces the fuel and maintenance costs of diesel generators, as well as saving the environment. The analysis of optimal systems is explained in detail to find the most achievable autonomous system.

Для сложных электрических систем с СЭС, для анализа статиче- ской устойчивости программы расчета установившихся режимов мето- дом Ньютона, необходимо дополнить блоком определения собственных числе матрицы Якоби, например, QR-алгоритмом для вычисления соб- ственных значений действительной матрицы в форме Хессенберга

В статье представлена имитационная модель солнечных фотоэле- ментов, основанная на математическом выражении, построенном из эк- вивалентной схемы. Эта модель может генерировать поведение фото- элементов в зависимости от различного солнечного излучения и темпе- ратурных условий. Разработанная модель используется для моделиро- вания выхода энергии солнечному фотоэлектрическому модулю, а ре- зультаты моделирования подтверждаются данными таблицы данного модуля. получаются модуль, напряжение Vmp и ток Imp при макси- мальной мощности Pmax, которые практически совпадают с указанны- ми производителем солнечной панели BP SX150S. Таким образом, предложенная имитационная модель в сочетании с алгоритмом MPPT может использоваться с повышающим преобразователем постоянного тока для получения необходимого напряжения постоянного тока для питания нагрузки постоянного тока

Комплексный подход к моделированию фотоэлектрических моду- лей и массива представлен с необходимыми уравнениями для прогнози- рования I-V и P-V характеристики для любой фотоэлектрической си- стемы. Фотоэлектрическая система поведение прогнозируется в соот- ветствии с STC и при условии окружающей среды. Экспериментальные результаты наряду со смоделированные I-V и P-V характеристики вы- бранного PV модули показали хорошее согласие с результатами моде- лирования. Новый модифицированный набор уравнений для представления воздействия освещенность была представлена в этой статье. Срок дей- ствия комплексный подход к моделированию был доказан с использо- ванием MATLAB среда. Симуляция была первой используется на ком- мерчески доступном фотоэлектрическом модуле, а затем расширен для разработки фотоэлектрического массива для энергоэффективного зда- ния.

на основании выполненных исследований ветро- энергетического потенциала для местности города Аль Басра сделаны следующие выводы: - годовые скорости ветра характеризуется максимумом в летние месяцы и минимумом в период от октября до января; - Плотность солнечной энергии в Ираке является одной из самых высоких в мире. Кроме того, существует значительный потенциал вет- роэнергетики в нескольких районах Ирака. - Ирак расположен вблизи солнечного пояса, дает Ираку необхо- димую квалификацию для использования солнечной энергии. - Все солнечные проекты могут быть реализованы и представлены потребителю как можно скорее, а финансовые и воздушные условия помогают распространять их. - При изучении данных о скорости ветра на юге Ирака, которые были предоставлены нам метеорологом, выясняется, что город Басра, расположенный на юге Ирака с видом на Арабский залив, подходит для установки проектов по выработке электроэнергии от ветряных турбин, скорость ветра в пределах допустимого диапазона. - Гибридная система (PV и ветер) предлагается и моделируется для разных городов Ирака как одна из будущих систем, основанная на воз- обновляемых ресурсах в Ираке. Распространение проектов по возобновляемой энергии сегодня во многом зависит от смелости и решимости лиц, принимающих решения в Ираке.

This paper presents the results of the studies of the energy characteristics of a solar collector with a selective receiving surface. When using special technologies for applying high-quality selective coatings to absorbers of solar collectors, it is possible to significantly increase the conversion coefficient of the incident solar radiation flux. The paper presents the results of studies of flat solar collectors serving to heat the coolant used mainly for the needs of hot water supply for individual consumers. In the experiments conducted, flat solar collectors with an absorber made of copper and stainless steel were used. Studies have shown that it is possible to more fully use the capabilities of one or another solar collector, depending on the operating mode of the entire solar hot water supply system. The presented studies were carried out by the staff of the Department of Renewable Energy Sources and Electrical Systems and Networks of the Sevastopol State University at the Institute of Nuclear Energy and Industry

In this research, the study theory of system includes the use of an important source of renewable energy sources (solar source) and linking this system with an electrical load. The world is witnessing a significant rise in fossil fuel prices since the ending of the 20th century and now, this rise in price increases with the decrease in inventory day after day. Therefore, it turned that the field of attention to researchers of power generation to expand in non-conventional energy sources (new and renewable energy sources). New and renewable energy is inexhaustible in use because they rely on renewable natural resources. The mathematical model is an important part of the detailed study for PV systems. As well as study models for photovoltaic systems via the MATLAB/Simulink, this programming environment contains many models for renewable systems intended to perform simulation and analysis. Solar cells system needs to apply the MPPT algorithm due to the instability of external circumstances such as solar radiation and temperature.

This work is devoted to studying the energy characteristics of a solar collector with a selective receiving surface. The use of special technologies of plating high-quality selective coatings on the heliocollector absorber makes it possible to substantially increase the coefficient of conversion of the solar radiation incidence flux. The research data are presented on the flat heliocollectors, which serve to heat-up a heat carrier used mainly for the needs of the hot-water supply for the individual consumers. In the performed experiments, the flat solar collectors were equipped with copper and stainless-steel absorbers. The studies showed that the heliocollectors can ensure better use depending on the operation mode of the entire system of the solar hot-water supply. The experiments were carried out by the staff of the Renewable Energy Sources and the Electric Energy and Networks department of Sevastopol State University at the Institute of Nuclear Energy and Industry. It was shown that the conversion coefficient of the solar power plants for the direct conversion of the radiation flux into thermal energy is far more energy efficient compared to that of the solar electric generation systems.

This research presents the smart control of a global wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a variable speed wind turbine mounted on a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG - WT). Many of the parts of the PMSG - WT that provide full power monitoring, PMSG control, and DC voltage keeping are discussed in the proposed control design. A fractional PI controller is used to construct the suggested controller, where the controller parameters are configured successfully using the metaheuristic optimization algorithm of the new Bat (BA). It is used when the wind speed varies and is compared to a standard PI controller in order to illustrate and compare the output of this controller. The simulation results clearly illustrate the efficacy of the controller proposed. In addition, the PMSG-WT installation is effectively tracked in different operating modes according to the proposed scheme.

The objective of this work is to consider the use of hybrid combined designs for rural energy supply and to develop an efficient solar and diesel generator system. The diesel generator is combined with the batteries on the basis that the energy of the sun is not constant throughout time. The simulation is carried out using the HOMER program, which makes it possible to analysis in detail the amount and power of energy generated by the proposed system. The study found that the most effective solution for saving electricity in rural areas that are not served or connected to the grid is solar cell power, as well as a diesel generator with batteries.

Over the last few decades, the use of renewable energy, especially solar energy, has gotten a lot of attention. In several countries, photovoltaic (PV) power generation projects are being introduced in large numbers. To evaluate and check the efficiency of PV modules, numerous studies have been performed. Due to practical limitations, implementing the experimental configuration for a PV-based power system with a DC-DC converter to verify the system's output is not always feasible. A software-based simulation model aids in the analysis of PV results, while a common circuit-based model that can be used to validate any commercial PV module would be more beneficial. In this research the simulation of an arithmetical model for a photovoltaic system a DC-DC buck converter and a load. As a generalized PV module, the model described in this paper can be used to test the performance of any commercially available PV module.

Wind power is considered one of the proven technologies. Due to the competitive costs of generating electricity, the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) is currently used to meet both grid-related and stand-alone loads. The goal of this work is to develop and simulate a wind turbine-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) that supplies ac electricity to the utility grid with total autonomy. Two voltage source inverters are used to control wind turbines connected to the grid in order to provide good autonomous control. The generator-side inverter is used to modify the synchronous generator and, when necessary, disconnect it from the grid. The grid-side inverter regulates the power flow between the DC bus and the AC side. Space vector PWM and a back-to-back frequency converter are used to regulate both. In addition, the controller PI is employed to manage the wind turbine's pitch angle. In the Matlab Simulink 2019a environment, the entire autonomous system is modeled and simulated.

The article presents the possibility of using geothermal energy to generate electricity at medium temperatures. The authors considered two options for their study, namely, bilateral cycles and thermoelectric generators. After a comparative study of the proposed solution, a solution for a ground-based thermal power plant was selected and proposed. The advantages are based on the fact that it is located in an important tank with thermal water at medium temperatures, which can be used to successfully implement a solution for access to electricity at small hydropower plants provided by the authors. This solution is one of the most advanced in the field of geothermal water at medium temperatures.

The purpose of this paper is to study the possibility of using new sources of energy in Iraq to overcome the shortfall of electrical energy supply. Discover different renewable sources could get over the problem. Renewable energy will reduce the pollution from co2 emitted in cities, thus reducing global warming. The research tries to investigate wind power plants to produce electricity. Wind power plants are possible to be used in Iraq to overcome the power shortage.

In this article, the PV model was analyzed to simulate the actual behavior of the PV module using Matlab-Simulink using parameters in photovoltaic cells consisting of a sin-gle diode, series resistance, and shunt resistance. The specifications of a multi-crystalline solar module were used to evaluate the model. Characteristic curves were obtained from the manufacturer's table, which shows the exact fit of the model, and this proves the relia-bility of the module.

The output power generated by the solar photovoltaic (PV) module depends on weath-er conditions, and to get the maximum, they must operate at the maximum possible power point for various weather conditions. Maximum Power Tracking Controllers (MPPT) used in PV systems to extract maximum power. Since the characteristics of the solar PV module are non-linear, traditional control methods may not be effective for the optimal use of these systems. Mathematical modeling of the solar PV module performed sequentially using Matlab / Simulink. The main advantage of the proposed MPPT scheme is its fast response and high gain even at a lower level of solar radiation without fluctuations near the point of maximum power. The analytical and simulation results of this study presented to confirm the concept.

Обобщенная модель PV, представляющая все фотоэлементы, модули и матрицы, была разработана с помощью Matlab симуляции и проверена с помощью фотоэлементов и коммерческого модуля. Предложенная модель принимает солнечное излучение и температуру ячейки в качестве входных параметров и выводит характеристики I-V и P-V при различных условиях. Эта модель также была разработана в виде блочных библиотек Simulink. Маскированный значок делает модель блока более удобной для пользователя, а диалоговое окно позволяет пользователям легко настраивать модель PV. Такая обобщенная модель PV легко использовать для реализации платформ моделирования и симуляции Matlab. В частности, в контексте инструмента Sim Power System в настоящее время существует обобщенная модель PV, которая может использоваться для модели и анализа в области системы преобразования солнечной энергии PV.

Data on wind speed in various regions of Iraq are studied. The data show that the city of Alhay, located in southern Iraq, where the average wind speeds were recorded in years, is ideal for creating a design wind farm due to the fact that the wind speed is acceptable there. The power and energy that can be obtained from a wind power installation have also been developed and calculated. In order to increase the share of renewable alternative energy in the global energy complex and reduce the consumption of traditional fuel energy resources, it is necessary to study the potential of renewable energy in developing countries. These states are highly dependent on imports of power plants and technologies. As a result, they are not sufficiently developing their energy complex through the use of alternative energy. This is also due to insufficient forecasting and assessment of the potential of renewable energy resources on its territory. Renewable energy will need to play a large role in reducing emissions using alternative electricity sources such as wind power. The results showed that the proposed wind energy system is a good choice and can be implemented in Alhay to provide enough electricity for the cities of Iraq.

Renewable energy plays an indispensable role in remote areas where the electric grid is not available. The hybrid system proposed in this paper includes two renewable energy sources, namely, photovoltaic systems and wind turbines. Combining these energies to meet load requirements with a reliable, economical, and sustainable energy supply is considered a critical issue. Hybrid systems are considered the most pragmatic solution for remote areas outside the network. A new method is proposed for determining the optimal size of energy storage in photovoltaic and wind hybrid energy generation systems. These generations are placed in a three-block scheme for predicting, measuring, and distributing/controlling and distributing power flows throughout the system to meet demand-side requirements. Data on electric load power, solar radiation power, ambient temperature, wind speed, and other weather conditions should be predicted with high accuracy. The algorithm for determining the optimal size is developed based on forecasting data, limitations, the ratio of values in the entire system, and the ability to charge/discharge the storage energy. The optimal size in this study helps reorder load patterns that fully compensate for energy shortages at high to medium price stages. It can be applied on each bus to reduce the cost of buying electricity from the electrical system. The new proposal is illustrated by simulation results in a case study conducted in MATLAB 2019a.

Таким образом, это исследование представляет модуль моделирования PV общего назначения и примеры его применения в среде моделирования Matlab / Simulink. Эту модель PV легко настроить для получения желаемых характеристик реакции PV, и она напрямую подключается к электрической цепи Энергосистемы для анализа переходных процессов. Фотоэлектрический модуль состоит из двух основных частей: поведенческая модель фотоэлементов и ограниченный по мощности электрический драйвер для подключения цепи. Поведенческая модель оценивает напряжение и потенциал тока панели PV для данных условий солнечного излучения (G) и температуры модуля (Tc).

Власть, доступная от WECS, очень ненадежна по своей природе.Таким образом, WECS не может обеспечить бесперебойную подачу мощности на нагрузку. Чтобы удовлетворить требования к нагрузке во всех случаях, требуется подходящее запоминающее устройство. Следовательно, в этом тезисе гибридная система ветряная батарея выбрана для обеспечения требуемой мощности нагрузки. Чтобы смягчить случайные характеристики ветрового потока, WECS взаимодействует с нагрузкой с помощью подходящих контроллеров. Для преобразователя постоянного тока постоянного тока была разработана схема управления для включения и выключения устройства переключения. Компьютерное моделирование в SCILAB-XCOS оказывается полезным для прогнозирования поведения системы. Получен результат моделирования для предложенного процесса преобразования энергии ветра. Из результата моделирования видно, что контролируемое напряжение постоянного тока может быть сгенерировано в WECS с использованием понижающего преобразователя постоянного тока и с использованием ШИМ-управления.

All traditional energy resources are shrinking every day. That is why we must move from conventional to unconventional energy resources. Hybrids power systems are the most popular renewable energy technology. This system includes the integration of two energy systems that will provide continuous power. The wind turbines used to convert wind energy into electricity and the Solar panels used to convert solar energy into electricity. From the voltage panel of the photovoltaic panels and wind power conversion system, these DC voltages are a detached separately from the voltage's DC, connected to a freely controlled and common DC bus, and inverted from there. The goal of the proposed strategy is to meet the demand for the required electricity with the added advantage of smoothing out these differences in renewable energy sources without utilizing an energy store instrument.

All traditional energy resources are shrinking every day. That is why we must move from conventional to unconventional energy resources. Hybrids power systems are the most popular renewable energy technology. This system includes the integration of two energy systems that will provide continuous power. The wind turbines used to convert wind energy into electricity and the Solar panels used to convert solar energy into electricity. From the voltage panel of the photovoltaic panels and wind power conversion system, these DC voltages are a detached separately from the voltage's DC, connected to a freely controlled and common DC bus, and inverted from there. The goal of the proposed strategy is to meet the demand for the required electricity with the added advantage of smoothing out these differences in renewable energy sources without utilizing an energy store instrument.

This article presents the results of a study of a combined wind–photovoltaic installation for use in the energy sector of the Republic of Iraq. The presented hybrid system is proposed for providing energy to utility customers in Iraq and for its energy sector. Iraqi consumers are experiencing a constant shortage of electricity, and the proposed solution for joint generation of energy by wind–solar installations will help solve this problem. The authors show a total increase in the efficiency of the mini-energy complex due to the combined generation of electric energy by converting the wind flow and solar radiation. This study is devoted to the analysis and modeling of a small autonomous hybrid wind–solar energy system. During the study, parameters such as the angle of inclination, rotor diameter, wind speed, etc., were considered. The simulation of the photovoltaic installation is carried out under nominal conditions, such as the temperature of the silicon cell, solar insolation, etc. The MATLAB computer program was used to describe the mathematical models of small horizontal axes of wind turbines and photovoltaic systems. An experimental study was carried out using low power installations. The research results show that when using hybrid wind–solar systems to provide the energy complex in Iraq, the total production of the hybrid installation increases significantly. Moreover, the generation of electric energy by wind and solar installations in different months of the year is different. Those in the summer months, mainly photovoltaic batteries operate, and in the winter months, wind turbines make the main contribution to energy generation. As a result, the joint work of wind and solar installations to generate electrical energy helps to establish more uniform generation throughout the year. Such hybrid systems increase the reliability of the energy complex based on renewable energy sources. The introduction of the presented systems to provide individual consumers seems promising in the field of alternative energy.

The article presents solar PV module simulation using Matlab Simulink with the effective comparison of two popular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. Current-voltage and photovoltaic characteristics were obtained for various values of solar insolation, at which the cell temperature remains constant. A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm that is based on the increasing conductivity method is also described. P-V characteristics are obtained for various insolation is using an M-file showing MPP, using the method of increasing conductivity.

Hybrid energy systems consisting of two or more renewable or non-renewable energy sources. Currently, hybrid systems are more interesting, in which wind energy is one of the components along with photovoltaic energy. The main goal of such hybrid energy systems is to overcome the discontinuity and unpredictability of wind energy and make energy supply more natural. This article introduces a hybrid system connected to a DC load. The hybrid system consists of a photovoltaic generator (Kaneka GSA060), a wind generator (Air X 600 W), consisting of a turbine and a permanent magnet synchronous generator, a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier converter and a DC-DC boost converter. Dedicated to each source and managed by a team-based method (Perturb and Observe).

The proposed work presents a general approach to modeling and controlling the operation of photovoltaic systems (PV systems). The two-stage power conversion system (PCS) proposed in this article works in conjunction with a photovoltaic generating system. The electrical energy storage system (BESS system) uses rechargeable batteries and can be connected to the DC circuit by means of a bidirectional converter. Thus, the BESS system may provide some auxiliary services that may be needed to improve operational efficiency during the generation process. This article describes a special system of uninterrupted operation (FRT-system), which allows you to create the possibility of uninterrupted operation and the generation of electrical energy by the generation system, in case of incorrect operation of individual nodes (for example, with partial shading of solar modules). The operation of an integrated generation system, an electric energy storage system (BESS-system) and a photovoltaic system (PV-system), together with the corresponding control systems simulated on Matlab platforms and the simulation results confirm the efficiency of the controller. their work and increase the generation of electricity for consumers.

Alternative energy sources have become a popular renewable source of electrical energy, where the product of electricity by conventional means is unpractical. Now, electricity is the most requisite means for man. All the energy resources are depleting day by day. Consequently, we must move from traditional to non-traditional energy resources. In this state, a mix of two energy resources occurs. This operation excites sustainable energy ex-chequer without harming nature. We can give uninterrupted energy using a hybrid system of energy. This system consists of the integration of a dual-energy system that will provide stable power. Solar panels are used to convert solar energy, and wind turbines are used to convert wind energy into electricity. The article discusses the cases of power generation using two sources, which leads to the obstetrics of electricity at affordable prices without disrupting the natural balance.

This study includes design a condition geothermal system which is designed to take advantage of the heat emitted from the ground as a clean source. Almost widely available in all countries, system is based on the liquids materials in the ground using special pumps to get them, enable the soil to make balance between different temperatures for Summer and Winter and the exchange of heat with a ground. The change in temperature was measured for two rooms, one under normal conditions and the other using a geothermal system for 2 days in different months representing Winter and Summer.

A novel design of 7-level Diode Clamped Inverter (DCI) with one voltage source, 6 capacitors in series connected in parallel with the source, 12 diodes and 6 switches is presented with a new strategy using direct pulse generator with logic points to operating the proposed inverter are introduced. This study discusses the main features of 5 and 7-level DCI and some technical problems such as losses, cost and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). Experimental results and simulations of the inverter with the control strategy are presented in MATLAB/Simulink to assure the efficiency of this logic control process.

The potential for generating electricity from tidal currents are massive it is a resource that is exploited for sustainable generation of electricity. High load operator creating from fluid characteristics and expectable resource properties making marine currents, especially, attractive for power obstetrics and useful matched to the other renewable energies. Furthermore, international conventions concerning climate controlled to the reemergence of renewable energy technology in the oceans. As a result, many demonstration schemas in tidal energy are designed to capture the tidal produced littoral currents. Study reviews the basic concepts of tidal power and reports on issues related to the topology of generators associated with tidal turbines. It is also making attempts to highlight future issues in order to catalog some of the emerging technologies fundamentally awarding to pertinent work that has been carry on wind turbines and on the ship fans. The study treats with the evolution model of MATLAB-Simulink to simulate current tidal turbines. Purpose of simulation model is to assess the potential for current tidal power generation.

This paper mainly researches the performance prediction accuracy of a hybrid solar and wind system. Through a mixed autoregressive and dynamical system model, we test the predictability of the hybrid system, compare it with individual solar, and wind series forecasting. After error analysis, the predictability of the hybrid system shows a better performance than solar or wind for solar radiation and data. The prediction errors were reduced by 13% to more than 30% according to various error analyses. This result indicates an advantage of the hybrid solar and wind system compared to solar and wind systems taken individually.

The work identified the potential of Iraqi energy for renewable sources, where solar photovoltaic technologies are suitable for the production of electricity throughout Iraq due to the uniform distribution of solar radiation throughout the country. The results of the work revealed that the result is applicable not only to the power system of the Republic of Iraq but also to other foreign power systems of the Middle East with a large number of renewable energy sources and the potential construction of new solar power plants, that can make it possible to optimize the power system management.

Разработка гибридных систем является одним из наиболее удобных и эффективных решений для производства электроэнергии по сравнению с невозобновляемыми энергетическими ресурсами. Это не только дешевле, но и не наносит вреда окружающей среде. Другое дело, что его можно использовать для выработки электроэнергии в холмистых районах, где довольно сложно передавать электричество обычными методами. В зависимости от требования, его настройка может быть решена. У всех людей в этом мире должна быть мотивация использовать альтернативны ресурсы для производства электроэнергии, чтобы сделать их в некоторой степени самонадежными. Длительный срок службы, меньшие затраты на техническое обслуживание - вот некоторые из плюсов.

In this study, present a modeling and administrative control for fuel cell with a solar cell as a hybrid power system. The design includes using Photovoltaic (PV) and Ultra-Capacitor (UC) with a Fuel Cell (FC) system is a possible solution to provide sufficient power supplies for residential areas there after reducing the accumulated losses from power transfers to these places. Operations of four modes for the proposed hybrid system are defined for the proposed supervisory control and each model for the PV, FC and UC are developed. The proposed hybrid power system is simulated and analyzed based upon the modeling and the supervisory control algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink environment.

Power supply to consumers, especially in remote areas, is often subject to emergency power outages. This leads to numerous problems such as the breakdown of household appliances and electronics, the inability to provide vital functions in homes and special institutions, and production failure. Also, grid companies sometimes cannot efficiently provide energy to private consumers due to insufficient capacity of the power grid. This journal discusses the use of power plants on alternative energy sources and systems of accumulation of electric energy connected to renewable energy sources. Such systems can be used in parallel with the existing electric power grid, as well as directly by autonomous consumers. This journal also describes the possibility of providing electric power to individual consumers using solar panels in combination with a system of accumulator batteries. The process of charge–discharge of capacitive batteries in the photovoltaic module–battery system is studied in order to increase the efficiency of low-power autonomous power plants. Studies show an increase in the efficiency of the system designed for the individual consumer by 30%, as well as the possibility of uninterrupted operation. The proposed model of the combined photovoltaic and storage system avoids the problems associated with emergency power outages. More importantly, for various Russian Federation regions that are neither close to the generating facilities nor have reliable uninterrupted electricity supply, the presented system can significantly extend both the time of efficient use of energy resources and the service life of the equipment.

This paper is concerned with the issue of the efficiency of sea wave energy conversion. It is shown that the efficiency increases significantly if a low-damped mechanical oscillator, which is adapted to a wave power spectrum, is used as a primary converter. Two major types of oscillators are considered. The pendulum-type converter is found to be the most promising. A new schematic of a pendulum-type converter is suggested and briefly described. The converter consists of two oscillators adjusted to work in resonance mode. The first one includes a ballast-controlled floating platform pitching on sea waves. The second oscillator is a long sector-shaped pendulum located on the floating platform. The use of sea wave energy converters is promising in regard to the widespread use of renewable sources and elimination of the environmental impact of fossil fuel consumption in coastal regions. Various systems have been developed and projects implemented in this field.

This paper considers the structure of the regional energy supply of Crimea and presents the characteristics of the main groups of regional electricity producers, including combined heat and power plants, mobile gas turbine power plants, renewable energy sources, and backup power sources. It is proposed, depending on the purpose of calculations in the context of the transportation problem under consideration, to use average actual rates for a given period with energy suppliers as tariffs (the calculation purpose is to reduce the electricity production and transportation cost), as well as conditional qualitative assessments, such as “fines” (the purpose is to improve the environmental friendliness and reliability of the system as a whole). The influence of the produced solar plant power on the operating modes of the Crimean energy system is assessed. The solar power production optimization technique that affects the reliability and quality of power supply is developed. Various energy supply scenarios for Crimea are generated, including peak and average power consumption modes with various options for solar activity, season, including and excluding energy sources under construction, and off-season repair of power sources. Based on the calculation data, the reliability of the regional energy system is estimated for various power supply scenarios, as well as the need to use an energy bridge for a power exchange with the mainland.

This paper is concerned with the problem of water shortage in northern Crimea. It shows that the Crimean Peninsula lacks access to fresh water from natural sources. For decades, water supply was provided mostly from the Dnieper River via the North Crimean Canal. An emergency situation arose in water supply in Crimea after the canal was shut down. It has been shown that seawater desalination from renewables is the only reliable way to tackle the problem. The work reviews perspective desalination methods, suggests a new schematic of a desalination complex based on Wind Energy Marine Units, and determines key parameters of the complex.

The construction and operation of large solar power plants (SPPs) and the dependence of their production on light and other meteorological factors leads to a strong dependence of the operation modes of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol power system on meteorological factors. Today, given that the share of solar power plants is about 30% of the total installed capacity, it is necessary to solve the problems that have a great impact on the power system operating modes. With large output capacity of the solar power plant, the operator has to give commands to turn off the generating equipment of thermal power plants. In power systems with a large share of solar generation, it is necessary to solve this problem by improving the generated power predicting methods, as it will reduce the dependence of operating modes on weather factors and increase the reliability of the power system. The paper discusses the use of hybrid predicting methods that imply taking into account the possibility of the weather scenarios simulation, advanced cloud-based image processing technology, and close-to-real-time cloud motion surveillance cameras. There was an experimental software created that selects coefficients of set configuration time series. In combination with the conservative methods, it makes predicting the SPP Perovo output more accurate. Taken together, the chosen methods of predicting solar power generation capacity in the power system of the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol ensure not only stability of the power system as a whole, but also the maximum efficiency of power plants, allow to accelerate the integration of solar power plants into the power system, and have positive effects on the environment.

This paper presents a brief analysis of the photovoltaic (PV) modules that are currently commercially available. The most used calculation formulas and measurement procedures used for evaluating the power characteristics of photovoltaic PV modules are given. The possible causes of power losses of solar cells and modules are described, including losses caused by design features. The theoretical calculations and experimental results of measuring the characteristics of silicon PV arrays with changing surface irradiance are compared. The calculated and experimental dependences of the power output variation of the ISM-50 photovoltaic module with changing its tilt angle are presented. It is shown that there is a significant discrepancy between theoretical studies and experimental results. A hypothesis has been put forward about the dependence of a real decrease in power characteristics and refraction indices of PV array protective coatings. An adjustment factor is proposed taking into account the decrease in the solar radiation output on the silicon photocell surface when passing through the antireflective protective coatings of the PV module. The conclusions drawn from the results of this work indicate that the identified factors affecting the electricity generation by photovoltaic converters need to be considered.

Renewable energy sources have become a popular alternative electrical energy source where power generation in conventional ways is not practical. Now a day’s electricity is the most needed facility for the human being. All the conventional energy resources are depleting day by day. So we have to shift from conventional to non-conventional energy resources. In this, the combination of two energy resources is taking place i. e. wind and solar energy. This process reviles the sustainable energy resources without damaging nature. We can give uninterrupted power by using hybrid energy system. Basically, this system involves the integration of two energy system that will give continuous power. Solar panels are used for converting solar energy and wind turbines are used for converting wind energy into electricity. This electrical power can utilize for various purpose. Generation of electricity will take place at the affordable cost. This the paper deals with the generation of electricity by using two sources combine which leads to generating electricity with affordable cost without damaging the natural balance.

The potential of electric power generation from marine tidal currents is enormous. Tidal currents are being recognized as a resource to be exploited for the sustainable generation of electrical power. The high load factors resulting from the fluid properties and the predictable resource characteristics make marine currents particularly attractive for power generation and advantageous when compared to other renewable energies. Moreover, international treaties related to climate control have triggered resurgence in development of renewable ocean energy technology. Therefore, several demonstration projects in tidal power are scheduled to capture the tidal generated coastal currents. Regarding this emerging and promising area of research, this paper reviews marine tidal power fundamental concepts and main projects around the world. It also report issues regarding electrical generator topologies associated to tidal turbines. Moreover, attempts are made to highlight future issues so as to index some emerging technologies mainly according to relevant works that have been carried out on wind turbines and on ship propellers.

Understanding the full aspects of hybrid grid operation that includes electrical and mechanical aspects are very critical to completely study this perspective operation. Therefore, this paper presents a hybrid generation system that is supplied with a Stirling engine (SE) and a wind turbine. The entire system is linked to a grid over a common dc bus. After combining wind turbine with the Stirling, an efficient hybrid system is created due to the fact the Stirling considered to have efficiency more than the photovoltaic array. In order to structure the wind turbine mechanical parts, Stirling engine, electrical parts, Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence (FAST) and Simulink/MATLAB are used. Moreover, the voltage source converter is used to develop the field-oriented control method. Nevertheless, determining the generators reference spear speed in the system hybrid is achieved through implementing the power signal feedback method. More efficiently, the Wind Turbine and Stirling engine utilize permanent magnet synchronous generator. The simulation outcomes present a novel hybrid generation system with Wind Turbine and Stirling can operate such as another hybrid systems with a very suitable performance.

The importance of multi-level inverter become a necessity that is used in industrial applications because it provides high energy in addition to it reduces the harmonics in the forms of AC wave. This paper includes the study of 3-phase 5- the level which fed IM (IM) drive. The 5- level inverter is the form of one H-bridge and one inductor cell and also increase the number of levels in waveform output by increasing the number of inductor cells. Quality of low voltage and current in the traditional inverters that fed the IM as well as to the existence of harmonics so there is the significant loss of energy. Multi-level current source inverter (CSI) used to minimize the harmonics in the output waveform. Simulation of 3-phase 5- level inverter fed IM drive is done by using Matlab/Simulink.

Electric power quality is one of the most important factor in industrial applications because it consists of collection of frequency, voltage and waveform information that used to enhance the electric power distribution. But the quality of power system has been affected by different factors such as swell, impulsive transients, momentary interruptions, swag, harmonics, notch and spike which leads to reducing the quality of power. So, the power quality is enhanced with the help of optimized machine learning techniques. Initially, the S-transform has been combined by particle multi-perceptron neural network (PMPNN) which examines the high and low-frequency components for analyzing the disturbance parameter and the further process is improved by integrating the S-transform with xenogeneic composition neural network (XGCNN) which train the power system features for eliminating the disturbance factors with effective manner. Finally, the simulation results are discussed for examining the power quality distribution factor with effective manner.

Широкомасштабному использованию ветроэлектростанций в электро- энергетических системах препятствуют проблемы обеспечения приемле- мого качества генерируемой электроэнергии, несовпадение режима выра- ботки энергии ветроэлектростанцией с графиком электропотребления и необходимость резервирования мощности ветроэлектростанций в энерго- системе. Современные ветроэнергетические установки делятся на два класса: мощные, в сотни тысяч киловатт, называются сетевыми потому, что при безветрии обеспечение потребителя энергией идет из сети; и автономные, работающие в паре с аккумулятором. Как правило, мощность автономных установок не превышает 5-10 кВт. Они называются: ветроэлектрические установки малой мощности (ВЭУММ).

Похоже что не существует ни одного возобновляемого источника энергии, доступного в любой точке планеты, кроме тех, что уже имеются. Что же нас ждет в будущем? Существует ли метод получения энергии, яв- ляющийся чистым и не зависящий от угля, нефти или природного газа? Один из вариантов: топливные элементы. Топливные элементы по- стоянно вырабатывают электричество в ходе химических реакций. Пре- имуществ у них множество. Топливные элементы – тихий и более эф- фективный источник энергии, нежели сжигание ископаемого топлива. КПД многих из них достигает 60 %, а с использованием некоторых тех- нологий – близко к 100 %. Для сравнения: КПД турбин около 40-50 %, двигателя внутреннего сгорания – 10-20 %.

Интеллектуальные энергосистемы — это системы пе- редачи электроэнергии от производителя к потребителю. Используя современные информационные и коммуни- кационные технологии, всё оборудование сетей Smart Grid взаимодействует друг с другом, образуя единую ин- теллектуальную систему энергоснабжения. Собранная с оборудования информация анализируется, а результаты анализа помогают оптимизировать использование элек- троэнергии, снизить затраты, увеличить надежность и эф- фективность энергосистем. Smart Grid — это автоматизированная система, ко- торая самостоятельно отслеживает и распределяет по- токи электричества для достижения максимальной эф- фективности использования энергии. В мире, где защита природных ресурсов стала одним из главных приоритетов, очень важно найти дешевые и эффективные пути сни- жения их использования

Солнце играет исключительную роль в жизни Земли. Весь органический мир нашей планеты обязан Солнцу своим существованием. Солнце – это не только источник света и тепла, но и первоначальный источник многих других видов энергии (энергии нефти, угля, воды, ветра). С момента появления на Земле человек начал использовать энергию солнца. По археологическим дан- ным известно, что для жилья предпочтение отдавали тихим, закрытым от хо- лодных ветров и открытых солнечным лучам местам.

Currently, photovoltaic energy conversion has developed tremendously in the global energy industry. The enormous capacity of solar power plants generates electricity all over the world. Hundreds of gigawatts of electrical energy are supplied to the networks of various countries around the globe. In addition, up to hundreds of gigawatts of installed capacity of solar power plants are commissioned every year in all countries of the world. And this has been the trend for the past few decades. The main problem of solar photovoltaic conversion is the instability of the solar radiation flux associated with the climatic conditions in the regions where photovoltaic plants are operated. This problem can be solved by using highly efficient methods to control the generation of solar power plants, in particular, such as the use of information control systems for a particular PV system to increase the final generation of electrical energy supplied to the consumer. The photovoltaic (PV) conversion of solar radiation flux is an important renewable energy source. Due to the varying intensity of the sun, the electricity generated by PV directly from the radiation flux is not constant. The photovoltaic system currently uses maximum power point (PMP) tracking in perturbation and observation (P&O) mode to increase the final output power of the photovoltaic panels. A step-down DC-DC converter allows PMP to change the PV operating voltage and determine the maximum power output of the PV panel. This study proposes a fuzzy logic implementation. The magnitude of the perturbed voltage is determined by the change in power dq and the change in power relative to the change in voltage dq/dv is fuzzy. The performance of fuzzy logic is investigated in this work in order to optimize MPM. Fuzzy logic can simplify maximum power tracking and reduce voltage instability. According to the simulation results, the MPM method based on fuzzy computation performs better than the traditional P&O method. By using the proposed methods, we can significantly improve electric power generation and increase the efficiency of photovoltaic conversion.

During the operation of photovoltaic systems, a large amount of converted energy, according to various parameters, does not participate in the consumer power supply. As a result, the efficiency of solar installations and the reliability of electric power supply are reduced. This happens for various reasons, but primarily due to the imperfect operation of automatic control systems for photovoltaic installations. These systems are controlled by the information equipment of the entire installation based on software and control algorithms. The imperfection of these algorithms does not allow the full use of solar generation of photovoltaic panels and degrades the quality of operation of all the main and auxiliary equipment of the power generating complex. In the presented work, studies were carried out to improve the operation of the solar power supply system and increase its reliability. The proposed solutions were based on the use of new methods for tracking the maximum power point using high-tech algorithms to control the photovoltaic generating system. In this paper, a generalized Matlab-Simulink solar cell operation model was proposed. The basis of the proposed model is a simple mathematical equation to simulate the operation of a solar photovoltaic cell, since the output characteristics of photovoltaic modules are non-linear. The output I-V and P-V properties of a photovoltaic cell depend on the temperature of the cell and solar radiation. The physical characteristics of a particular solar photovoltaic cell can be modeled as a function of temperature and solar radiation. Numerous models use various software platforms that are available in the literature.

This study shows an improved DC microgrid power management technique. The value of utilizing renewable energy has long been debatable, and this article suggests a typical DC microgrid because of the advantages it has over AC technology. A solar cell (PV), fuel cell (FC) and storage component - an ultracapacitor (UC)-make up the standard microgrid. The most important goal of the paper is to optimize the management strategy for the bus voltage with arranged power-sharing between these types of renewable energy that are used here. For variable solar irradiance and various loading conditions, the proposed management seeks to deliver high-quality energy to the load while taking into consideration the FC state. The ultracapacitor was prepared to furnish the transient period due to the FC's slow dynamics. To maintain the DC bus voltage steady in the face of load variations, a management algorithm is put into practice. To generate the references, the management controller relies on a differential flatness method. The electricity from the ultracapacitor controls the DC bus. Earlier studies showed that the circuit of the fuel cell was integrated with a standalone photovoltaic system and discovered that the fuel cell doesn't have the same properties. In the current research, observations were made on power quality elements like voltage, current, and power for energy storage systems. With several self-definition elements of the photovoltaic, fuel cell, and ultracapacitor, along with their parameters, simulation is used as the study method medium. The outcome demonstrates that since the ultracapacitor serves as the primary storage, the fuel cell integration has little impact on it, and only small changes in voltage and current were observed. Due to the fuel cell integration characteristic of providing the system a major perturbation, most perturbation from the system had been absorbed while in an ultracapacitor

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques must be used in photovoltaic (PV) generation systems to maximize the power supplied because the energy produced is constrained by the low efficiency of the solar panels, the variability of weather conditions, and the characteristics of the connected load. The behavior of the power converter must also be taken into account when evaluating the overall performance of a PV system since it serves as the interface between the PV array and the load when an MPPT is being implemented. With the help of a tracking algorithm that regulates the duty ratio of these converters, the two most fundamental non-isolated DC-DC converters could be effectively interfaced for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. Here, two well-known DC-DC converter topologies, buck and buck-boost converters have been examined to determine how the converter responds to changing atmospheric characteristics, duty ratio variation (caused by MPPT), and tracking efficiency. The MPPT algorithm must set the system to function at the highest power point while maintaining the best possible performance under a range of insolation and temperature conditions. Results from the PV system under different radiation and temperature circumstances are compared and reviewed, and it is shown that the Buck-Boost combination demonstrated the highest steady-state efficiency and the best transient behavior. Subject of research. Technical equipment for energy production and energy system management. Using an efficient control method for an off-grid photovoltaic system. Materials and methods. use maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to maximize generated power and benchmark three mainstream non-isolated DC converters that can be effectively coupled to maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in photovoltaic (PV) systems with a tracking algorithm for ratio control filling these transducers. Results. The findings indicate that the Buck combination had the optimum steady-state efficiency and transient response. Conclusions. According to the findings, it is evident that the phase voltage produced by a boost converter contains significantly more fluctuation than the phase voltage produced by a buck converter if efficiency is disregarded and voltage fluctuations under variable lighting are taken into account, as is the case in the majority of practical cases. turbo converter.

Direct solar energy conversion systems based on semiconductor photovoltaic cells have been employed for decades for aerospace technology and ground-based consumers. The article presents the developed information and control system for combined electric energy generating installation by solar and wind energy conversion. A combined system, which employs two or more stable energy sources, is known as a hybrid renewable energy system. It will facilitate uninterruptible energy generation and allow employing one source in the absence of the other, which is its irrefutable advantage. The study proposes the hybrid energy conversion positioning, which includes photovoltaic panels, wind power generator and batteries. The presented work performed control system optimization of the proposed hybrid wind-solar system, which enhanced significantly efficiency of its application and performance reliability. The model of photovoltaic and wind output power, as well as the model of the battery charging and discharging were obtained by studying the output characteristics of the generating power station. Parameters such as the average annual net profit as a target function and region and area characteristics, planned scale, complementary properties, resources utilization factor and stability of the output as limitations were used while development. A model for the hybrid system of photovoltaic conversion, wind generation and energy storage was constructed employing the proposed method. The results of the experiment demonstrate the proposed approach validity and robustness. The emissions trading revenues inclusion makes the model more accurate. The ideal result is more useful as well. As the article shows, the solar photovoltaic panels distribution affects the overall power generation of the hybrid system. It employs a solar panel connected with a hybrid controller and a wind turbine. The results revealed that continuous power generation was possible when the solar panel was connected with the wind turbine, which improved its power output.

Substantial number of solar electric power generating systems, including those associated with aerospace technology, is being employed to ensure various equipment operation. These systems are being applied on space stations and off-line ground-based facilities, for power supplying for stationary operating complexes, as well as for supplying energy to various industries and consumers. One of the basic elements of a solar photovoltaic station is automatic system of its power characteristics control. The presented article studied the point of maximum power control system for the off-line power generating installation based on silicon photoelectric panels. One of this work tasks consisted in operation reliability enhancing of the solar system because of the climatic factors affecting it and associate this system operation with the typical requirement of electric energy through the artificial intelligence application. As long as the alternative renewal energy forms are based on natural resources permanently replenished, it is assumed that they are of infinite storage of useful power. The proposed arithmetic model being is an important component of the complex study of photoelectric systems. The proposed arithmetic model is an important component of the comprehensive study of photoelectric systems. The programming environment, which includes numerous models for renewable energy systems, allows analyzing photoelectric installation operation regularities. It is possible to build a plurality of models for the renewable energy systems meant for modeling and analyzing photoelectric installations operation with MATLAB/Simulink. Due to the instability of external factors, such as solar radiation and atmospheric temperature, or unpredictability of possible instances, such as solar panels overheating, it is necessary to employ a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for the systems of semiconductor photo converters. The proposed control algorithm application allows significant efficiency increase of the energy converted by the solar station of electric energy, as well as reliability enhancing of the main and auxiliary equipment of photoelectric systems, which may be employed for supplying the off-line objects and operation for the energy system.