كرار عباس تكي الخفاجي

The most prevalent form of childhood cancer, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is distinguished by the buildup of malignant cells and their multiplication lymphocytes in the bone marrow. Imbalances in immune expression and iron homeostasis are frequently observed in acute leukemia. The research experiments were carried out from December 2023 to November 2024 in the Biology Department of the University of Kufa's Faculty of Science. Individuals with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who had treatment at the National Center for Teaching Laboratories Hospital in Baghdad Medical City and the National Hospital for Oncology and Hematology in Najaf. Since iron is a necessary component of blood cells, serum hepcidin levels are used to monitor the body's iron status. According to the study's findings, newly diagnosed ALL patients had noticeably higher blood hepcidin levels. Newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients had noticeably higher white blood cell counts. In this study, individuals with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had low red blood cell counts. © 2025, Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy, characterized by malignant proliferation and accumulation of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow. Abnormal immunophenotypic expression and iron balance are always present in acute leukemia. Serum ferritin levels are used to track the body's iron status since ferritin is a crucial component of blood cells. All B lineage cells exhibit the transmembrane glycoprotein known as the CD19 antigen, a B cell lineage hallmark. CD34 is a membrane protein first discovered in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and, therefore, is a marker of immaturity. The expressions of CD19 and CD34 antigens are associated with a good prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In this investigation, we evaluated the variation in serum ferritin, CD19, and CD34 levels between children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and healthy children, as well as the degree of association between serum ferritin and CD19/CD34 expression. It showed that the blood ferritin level was considerably higher (P<0.05) in kids with acute lymphoblastic leukemia than in children in good health. CD19 expression was decreased non-significantly in the ALL children, but CD34 expression didn’t differ in the pediatric ALL than their expression in normal children. The association between Serum Ferritin and CD19/CD34 Expressions appeared to be a moderate inverse correlation between CD19 level and serum ferritin, while CD34 level has a very weak inverse correlation with serum ferritin in the pediatric ALL patients. © 2025, Society of Pathological Biochemistry and Hematology. All rights reserved.

Leukemia is a blood cancer in which there is an excess production of abnormal leukocytes, that is made up of several diverse and biologically distinct subgroups. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent form of cancer in children and predominant subtype of childhood leukemia. It represents a malignant expansion of immature lymphoid cells. This study has been performed to estimate the serum levels of iron profile, hematological and immunological parameters in newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. It also investigates the correlations of iron state indices with the hematological alterations and immunological parameters in ALL patients. This study was conducted on (90) subjects of children, their ages ranged between (1-8 years)' children, and they are divided into two groups: (60) newly diagnosed untreated acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (32 male and 28 female) who visited the National Hospital to Oncology and Hematology Disease in Al-Najaf and the National Center for Educational Laboratories - Department of Hematology / Medical City of Baghdad, and (30) individuals (16 male and 14 female) apparently healthy as a control group. The study was carried out between the period of December, 2023 till February, 2025. The results showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum iron and serum total-iron binding capacity (TIBC) levels in ALL patients compared to those of healthy control group, while serum ferritin, hepcidin and transferrin levels significantly increased (P < 0.05) in patients with ALL compared to the control group. The results also have reported a significant elevation (P < 0.05) in total leukocyte count and lymphocyte percentage in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, whereas the percentage of neutrophils declined significantly (P < 0.05) in the patient group compared with their count in control group. The findings of this study indicate also a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the red blood corpuscle (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) value, RBC indices (mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)) and platelet count in recently diagnosed ALL patients in comparation with the control group. The levels of cluster of differentiation 19 (CD19) and cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) expression were noted to be have a difference between the study groups, but this difference was not significant. Whereas, the levels of interleukin 18 (IL18) and interleukin 35 (IL35) manifested a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the ALL group compared with the normal children. The results of study showed there is no significant difference (P > 0.05) between males and female patients in iron profile, hematological parameters and immunological criteria. The correlations result showed significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between serum iron and neutrophils, RBC count, HGB, HCT, RBC indices and PLT count. While iron showed a significant inverse correlation (p < 0.05) with white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocytes, IL18 and IL35 in the acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Whereas CD19 and CD34 showed not significant correlation (P > 0.05) with iron in those patients. The serum ferritin and hepcidin in the ALL patients showed a positive correlation with WBCs, lymphocytes, CD19, CD34, IL18 and IL35; but it showed a negative correlation with neutrophils, RBCs, HGB, HCT, RBC indices, PLTs. Additionally, the statistical analysis showed that transferrin in patients with ALL has positive correlation with WBCs, Lymphocytes, IL18 and IL35. However, it showed a negative correlation with neutrophils, RBCs, HGB and HCT, RBC indices and PLTs. Whereas CD19 and CD34 not appeared a significant correlation (P > 0.05) with transferrin in ALL patients. Moreover, the serum TIBC in the ALL correlated positively with neutrophils, RBCs, HGB, HCT, RBC indices and PLTs; and has inverse correlation with WBC count, lymphocytes, CD19, CD34, IL18 and IL35. The receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis and area under the curve (AUC) to discriminated by the area under curve and cut-off point between ALL patients and controls showed highly significant (p-value <0.05) of area under curve in iron, Ferritin and Hepcidin followed by Transferrin then TIBC. In similar results of ROC analysis and AUC in the same patients and controls explained that IL18, followed by IL35, more than CD34, while CD19 were showed has AUC is low diagnostic accuracy. The current study concluded that ALL patients exhibited iron deficiency with defect in iron metabolism, leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, anemia, thrombocytopenia, Pro-inflammatory cytokine elevation with presence various correlations between iron profile with hematological and immunological parameters.

Fingolimod (Gilenya) is the oral first drug for treating multiple sclerosis patients, it acts by immunomodulation but there is still much remaining about its different side effects. Whilst many previous studies focused on the effect of fingolimod on immune cells, especially lymphocytes, there have been few studies on its effect on other haematological parameters. This study aimed to assess the effect of fingolimod treatment on haematological parameters (WBCs, Neu, Lym, Mon, RBCs, Hb, and PLT) in MS patients placed on fingolimod treatment for over three months. The results of the study revealed markedly decrement (P< 0.05) in WBCs count of the MS group after treatment with Gilenya compared with its count before treatment. The study also showed non markedly raise in the percentage of neutrophils and monocytes in the MS group before treatment compared with the control patiens. However, the results indicated markedly raise (P< 0.05) in the neutrophils and monocytes percentage in the MS group after treatment. The results of this study referred to markedly lowering (P< 0.05) in the lymphocyte count of the MS group after treatment with the drug compared with their count before treatment and compared with a control group. The Hb level of the MS group appears significantly decrease (P< 0.05) before and after treatment compared with the healthy group. While RBCs count did not change significantly between MS before and after treatment and normal groups. As the study indicated PLT count significantly decreased (P< 0.05) in the MS group after treatment in comparison with its count before treatment.

The urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent infection that affects people of all ages. Bacterial agents are the most common causes of UTIs. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other staphylococcal species, Citrobacter freundii and Citrobacter koseri (C. koseri) account for a smaller number of infections. These pathogens are transported into the urinary tract from the colonic biotope into dysbacteriosis. Urine samples were randomly collected from 249 outpatients who were suspected of having UTIs. After genital cleaning, 10 mL of urine specimens were collected in a sterilized bowel. Then, the specimens were centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 5 min and the residue was aerobically incubated with the broth infusion of brain flasks at 37°C for 24 h and then applied with a sterile ring onto blood agar plates and MacConkey agar (OxoidTM). Out of 249 urine samples, the results proved that there were 176 (70.7%) and 51(20.5%) gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria isolates, respectively. However, the results demonstrated that there were 22 (8.8%) urine samples with no growth. In addition, the results showed that eight various antimicrobials are used to treat C. koseri. In the current study, C. koseri was treated with eight different antimicrobial agents. The antimicrobial resistance rate for 7 isolates against Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, and Levofloxacin was high for 6 (85.71%) isolates. The results indicated that 6 and 5 isolates had 85.71% and 71.42% antimicrobial resistance against Ceftazidime and Levofloxacin, respectively. Whereas Gentamicin showed a moderate rate of resistance (4 isolates, 57.14%), and Amikacin resistance was found in 5 isolates, accounting for 28.57%. As shown in table 3, the bacterial isolates had a high susceptibility rate to Imipenem. The qnrA gene was found in 6 (85.71%) isolates. However, the recorded data demonstrated that there is no isolate carrying the qnrC gene. Among all pathogenic bacteria, C. koseri was the lowest causative agent of UTI in this study and was highly resistant to most antimicrobials except Imipenem, which was a good antibiotic with 100% sensitivity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition that results in hyperglycemia, as well as abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Serum uric acid (SUA) concentrations in diabetic anemic and non-diabetic subjects were measured in this research. According to the findings of this research, anemic diabetics had higher levels of serum uric acid and plasma glucose. In both the anemic and non-anemic diabetes groups, the Hb concentration and RBC count decreased. Patients with diabetes who have anemia are more likely to suffer from complications such as cardiovascular disease, inflammation, obesity, and long-term renal disease, all of which may worsen their already precarious health.