كريم عبد النبي غزال الزبيدي

Water purification of pollutants is a major challenge to the sustainable development of health in arid and arid regions of the world. Organization of water purification by the river bank filtration is a natural technique. Therefore, this survey was conducted to evaluate the shoulder of the Kufa River in purifying water from pollutants in an inexpensive and natural way. Six water samples were taken from six different locations of the river course, and six corresponding water samples were taken from the well locations near the river. The chemical analyzes of the samples were conducted during the month of December of the year 2020. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program. The results showed that there were significant differences, as they showed the superiority of the concentration of phosphorous, cadmium, lead, copper, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and the total number of bacteria in river water compared to their concentration in well water. While it was observed that the concentration of total dissolved salts, sulfate, nickel and chlorine was superior in well water compared to river water. From this, it is clear that the effectiveness of the river shoulder technology in purifying the water of the Kufa River is low because the process of pumping water from wells is not continuous. It is assumed that to achieve the effectiveness of this technology, we need continuous months of pumping until the work of the river shoulder technology is achieved.

Expanding urbanization, socioeconomic factors, and agricultural activities have led to contamination of the natural water resources in Iraq. The objective of this study was to assess the riverbank filtration (RBF) process in purifying the water of Al-Kufa River from pathogens. The riverbank filtration is a natural approach that helps in the enhancement of the quality of river water, and it is a relatively cost-effective, and sustainable process. This study utilized microbiological approaches to monitor the water quality of wells in comparison with river water. In Al-Kufa district of Al-Najaf governorate in Iraq, eight wells were constructed at different locations adjacent to Al-Kufa River. Total plate count, coliform count, fungal count, and fecal coliform count were among the microbiological parameters tested. The findings of the current study showed a difference in the pathogen count between the wells and river water, but the riverbank filtration process did not meet the World Health Organization guidelines. From this, we concluded that, if the pumping well is continuously running, RBF as a preliminary treatment of surface water would be a promising and potentially viable application in purifying water supply. Finally, in future RBF process is supposed to be taken into consideration to protect the security of water supply from waterborne pathogens.

Abstract: Optimal restoration and management of coastal wetland are contingent on reliable assessment of hydrological processes. In this study, we used the Soil andWater Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to assess the impacts of a proposed coastal wetland restoration plan on the water balance components of the Heeia watershed (Hawaii). There is a need to optimize between water needs for taro cultivation and accompanying cultural practices,wetland ecosystemservices, and streamflowthat feeds downstream coastal fishponds and reefs of theHeeiawatershed. For this,we completed two land use change scenarios (conversion of an existing California grassland to a proposed taro field and mangroves to a pond in the wetland area) with several irrigation water diversion scenarios at different percent of minimum streamflow values in the reach. The irrigation water diversion scenarios aimed at achieving sustainable growth of the taro crop without compromising streamflow value, which plays a vital role in the health of a downstream fishpond and coastal environment of the watershed. Findings generally suggest that the conversion of a California grassland to a patched taro field is expected to decrease the baseflow value, which was a major source of streamflow for the study area, due to soil layer compaction, and thus decrease in groundwater recharge from the taro field. However, various taro irrigation water application and management scenarios suggested that diverting 50% of the minimum streamflow value for taro field would provide sustainable growth of taro crop without compromising streamflow value and environmental health of the coastal wetland and downstream fishponds.

This research examined the chemical and physical properties of the ground water in the different parts of the Samawah desert in order to assess its suitability for agricultural purposes’and whether it causes an increase in the salinization of natural pasture lands used for the purpose of agricultural production, and thus exposes them to severe desertification. Several parameters are examined for (16) wells and (3) artesian wells which are located in the different regions of Samawah desert depending on the scientfic methods of sample collection in mid - February (2019). The results showed that there are differences in the ground water aspects (chemical and physical aspects) among wells water and most of the wells water was a saline water which causes an increase in the likelihood of pasture lands being exposed to severe desertification as a result of using this water for agricultural production purposes in those lands. However, there are three wells where have a good quality of water therefore, these three wells are suitable for agricultural uses, unlike the rest of the examined wells, where the water was not suitable for agriculture or suitable for agriculture, but taking care of the soil.

Field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of sprinkler irrigation system on the surface soil crusting in the silty clay texture. Three sprinkler models were used difference in nozzle size and geometric shape. Sprinklers have been utilized to irrigate cultivated and uncultivated plots in order to determine the contribution of vegetative cover which can reduce the impact of sprinkler droplets. The size distribution of the sprinkler droplets for each model was determined at different distances from the sprinkler center. Various physical soil properties were tested and statistically analyzed to understand the contribution of sprinkler irrigation in soil crusting formation. The parameters included soil infiltration, bulk density, mean weight diameter, porosity, and micro morphological study of the thin section of soil crust. The results indicated that the impact of sprinkler irrigation did not exceed two centimeters of soil depth. The outcomes included increasing the bulk density of the soil, decreasing the infiltration rate, reducing the porosity and the mean weight diameter of the soil crust. The vegetative cover caused to aggravate the sprinkler irrigation impact compared to the uncultivated plots.

Abstract: Hydrological modeling is an important tool that can be used to assess water resources’ availability and sustainability that are necessary for food security and ecological health of coastal regions. In this study, we assessed the impacts of land use and climate changes on water balance components (WBCs) of the Heeia coastal wetland. We developed a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to capture the unique characteristics of the Hawaiian Islands, including its volcanic soil’s nature and high initial infiltration rates. We used the sequential uncertainty fitting algorithm to assess the sensitivity and uncertainty of WBCs under different climate change scenarios. Results of the statistical analysis of daily streamflow simulations showed that the model performance was within the generally acceptable criteria. Under future climate scenarios, rainfall change was the determinant factor most negatively impacting WBCs. Recharge and baseflow components had the highest sensitivity to the combined effects of land use and climate changes, especially during dry season. The uncertainty analysis indicated that the streamflow is projected to slightly increase by the middle of 21st century, but expected to decline by 40% during the late 21st century of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5.

عنوان البحث : تقدير مكاني زمني لتصريف المياه الجوفية العذبة تحت الماء عبر الشواطئ الساحلية لجزيرة أواهو، هاواي