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Abstract. The Middle East, a region heavily reliant on fossil fuels, faces unique challenges in transitioning to low-carbon energy systems. This study investigates the carbon intensity trends of electricity generation across five key Middle Eastern countries—Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, and Turkey—between 2013 and 2023. Using a robust statistical approach, the analysis highlights significant disparities in carbon intensity, influenced by varying energy policies, economic conditions, and technological advancements. Turkey emerged as a regional leader, achieving a notable reduction in carbon intensity from 479.51 gCO₂/kWh in 2013 to 453.97 gCO₂/kWh in 2023, a 5.3% decline attributed to its investments in renewable energy. Conversely, Saudi Arabia maintained the highest levels, with an average carbon intensity of 695.82 gCO₂/kWh, reflecting a continued reliance on fossil fuels despite diversification efforts under Vision 2030. Kuwait and Iran displayed stability in their carbon intensity, averaging 650.95 gCO₂/kWh and 645.44 gCO₂/kWh, respectively, while Iraq exhibited fluctuations, peaking at 681.08 gCO₂/kWh in 2017 before declining to 661.50 gCO₂/kWh in 2023. An ANOVA test confirmed significant differences among the countries (F = 349.69, p < 0.0001), emphasizing the impact of country-specific factors. These findings underscore the urgent need for accelerated energy transitions, regional collaboration, and policy reforms. Turkey’s achievements highlight the transformative potential of renewable energy investments, offering a model for other nations to follow. By adopting strategic policies and fostering regional cooperation, Middle Eastern countries can significantly reduce their carbon intensity and contribute meaningfully to global climate mitigation efforts. Keywords: Carbon intensity, Climate mitigation, Elec

This looks at investigates the have an effect on of burner head geometry on the thermal efficiency, gas consumption, and emission levels of LPG cooking stoves, offering critical insights into how design optimization can enhance stove overall performance. Three burner head designs circular, star-shaped, and multi-port experimentally examined and evaluated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The multi-port burner tested the best thermal efficiency at 58%, accompanied by means of the superstar-fashioned burner at 54%, and the round burner at 50%. Additionally, the multi-port burner consumed the least fuel, the usage of simplest 45 grams of LPG, in comparison to 48 grams for the famous person-formed and 52 grams for the round burner. Emission evaluation revealed that the multi-port burner had the lowest emissions, producing 160 ppm of CO and 35 ppm of NOx, at the same time as the circular burner exhibited the best emissions, with 220 ppm of CO and 45 ppm of NOx. The big name-shaped burner done fairly, emitting a 180 ppm of CO and 38 ppm of NOx. The improved heat distribution and more efficient air-fuel mixing provided by the multi-port geometry were identified as the primary reasons for its superior performance. These findings spotlight the ability for geometric innovation in burner design to improve the efficiency and environmental effect of LPG stoves, making them extra sustainable and fee-effective. This take a look at gives treasured recommendations for range producers and policymakers aiming to decorate power performance and reduce emissions in home cooking technologies.

Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland doesn't generate enough thyroid hormone. Meteorin like protein (Metrnl) a tiny secreted protein, regulates cell differentiation, survival, and migration in several organs. Aim of study: The purpose of this research was to see whether serum Metrnl levels might be used as a biomarker for hypothyroidism complication. Materials and Methods: This case-control study comprised 90 individuals ranging in age from 20 to 50 years. These people were separated into three groups: those with overt hypothyroidism (OH), those with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), and those who were healthy. sex, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and hormonal indicators were all assessed and recorded for each participant. Results: serum Metrnl levels were considerably lower in hypothyroid patients compared to those with normal thyroid function (p 0.001). Furthermore, Metrnl levels were negatively connected with TSH levels (r =-0.32, p 0.041) and favorably correlated with T4 levels (r =0.303, p 0.040).. Conclusion : Serum Metrnl levels may be a biomarker for hypothyroidism detection and monitoring. The research excluded systemic disorders and pharmaceutical usage to ensure accuracy. Thus serum Metrnl levels may be useful clinical tools for hypothyroidism identification and monitoring.