Ibrahim jassem jbbar Al-yaseri

ABSTRACT Since developing countries gained their political independence until today, they have been characterized by the inadequacy of fiscal and monetary policies in directing real resources to finance the investment required due to the volatile political and economic conditions. Perhaps the spread of the illusion of development and the exaggeration of the role of investment by linking the development movement in it with external financing that prevailed in the seventies of the last century, led most developing countries to resort to foreign savings to supplement the shortage in domestic savings, due to the insufficiency of the local funding sources needed to finance the investment programs required for Achieving high growth rates for national income, and soon the United States of America emerged more as a significant source of loans through international financial institutions, but the goals envisaged by resorting to foreign debt may not be achieved in not a few cases because of the possibilities of using them in inefficient investment fields or squandering them In marginal areas that do not generate income through which they can pay their service burdens, and the aggravation of the severity of external debts often leads to the need to reschedule them with governments and international organizations within certain conditions.

In the past two decades, interest in achieving sustainable development in Iraq has increased as a result of the marked deterioration in the economic situation as well as the international economic changes that have imposed on Iraq not to rely on oil revenues as a major source of national income. There is no doubt that such circumstances have resulted in serious obstacles that hindered the development of effective strategies to achieve sustainable development in it. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore the most prominent challenges facing the reality of sustainable development in Iraq, as well as outline proposals to address these obstacles in a manner that contributes to strengthening the reality of economic development at various levels. The results show that there are four main obstacles facing the implementation of sustainable development strategies in Iraq are the political obstacles, economic obstacles, environmental obstacles, and health and technological obstacles. A number of methods have been proposed to understand or even manage complex societal transitions towards sustainable development. There are four common approaches to sustainable transitions, i.e. the harmonization of the political and social climate, the adoption of effective economic reforms, and appropriate arrangements for preserving the environment and developing the scientific and educational base. However, there is a lack of studies related to discussing and developing different methods and strategies in this field. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the four most common approaches, and more importantly, it identifies four critical challenges for future studies on methods for achieving sustainable development in Iraq. Thus, these challenges represent an area for future research related to this topic.

المستخلص: تعد مشكلة التمويل من اعقد المشكالت التي تواجهها التنمية االقتصادية في مختلف البلدان النامية بشكل عام وفي العراق بشكل خاص، اذ لم تعمل الحكومة العراقية المبادة طوال ثالثين عاما من تمويل التنمية االقتصادية بالشكل الذي يؤدي الى تطوير القطاعات غير النفطية واقامة قاعدة اقتصادية عريضة ومتطورة ذات مصادر دخل متنوعة ومستدامة. ومن ثم تحقيق النمو والتنمية على الرغم من توافر العوائد المالية الضخمة من القطاع النفطي، بسبب الحروب التي قادها النظام المباد وما تبعها من عقوبات فضالً اقتصادية دامت ألكثر من عقد، عن ضخامة المديونية الخارجية وما تبعها من خدمة الدين والتعويضات.

يعد التحول الرقمي عاملاً رئيسياً في تطوير قطاع الطاقة، حيث يسهم في تحسين الكفاءة التشغيلية، وتقليل التكاليف، وتعزيز الاستدامة. من خلال اعتماد تقنيات مثل الذكاء الاصطناعي، وإنترنت الأشياء، وتحليل البيانات الضخمة، أصبح من الممكن تحسين عمليات الاستخراج، والإنتاج، والتوزيع في صناعة الطاقة. كما يتيح التحول الرقمي مراقبة أداء المعدات بشكل لحظي، مما يقلل من الأعطال غير المتوقعة ويزيد من عمر الأصول.

The paper aims to explore and track the paths of social justice and economic development in Iraq considering the fluctuations in oil prices after 2003. The research relies on the quantitative scenario analysis approach to demonstrate the impact of the path of economic development in Iraq considering the fluctuations in oil prices after 2003. The results show the failure of economic policies in developing non-oil activities to achieve social justice due to the need for a diversified production base. There are no consistent programs in the economic field aimed at diversifying the production base that is a priority for implementation under the strategies prepared by the government. The abundance of financial resources that Iraq obtained after 2003 did not work to bring about major leaps and new transformations in the structure of the Iraqi economy in a way that achieves diversity in the production base and limits the economy's dependence on oil resources.

تعد دراسات الجدوى لأي مشروع خطوة مسبقة لها أهميتها الكبيرة و الحاسمة, حيث يعتمد على مخرجاتها متخذو القرار الاستثماري في المصادقة على المشروع قيد الدراسة او رفضهِ, فهذه الدراسة تعمل على تأكيد رجاحة المشروع في كافة الجوانب البيئية والقانونية الفنية والمالية, فضلا عن التعرف على أهداف وخصائص دراسات الجدوى وجوانبها ومن ثم توضيح اهميتها عند صنع القرار الاستثماري. وعلى ضوء هذه الدراسة يتم اعداد دراسة خاصة حول مشروع انشاء مجمع تجاري في محافظة النجف الاشرف خاصة وان قطاع البناء في العراق يعد واحداً من أهم القطاعات في عملية التنمية الوطنية، إلّا أنّه يعاني اليوم العديد من المشاكل والصعوبات التي أدّت إلى تخلّفه وعدم مواكبته لعملية التطوّر التكنولوجي التي يشهدها العالم، لذا فإن تطويره وتنميته يعد أمرا ضروريا لتحقيق التنمية في هذا القطاع المهم.

To all the top three graduate students for the years (2016-2017-2018-2019-2020) for the morning and evening studies and included in the attached lists, to review the Administrative Affairs Division at the college to receive their codes after they officially arrive at the college, knowing that the code is delivered to the student exclusively because it password .