حسين جميل عبد نور العيساوي

ABSTRACT Background: Periodontal diseases are an infection caused by many factors include different bacterial pattern. Biofilm is the main reason for periodontal disease that consists of many microorganisms. Streptococci of Mitis group such as Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, are early colonizers within development of dental biofilms, which is the cause of periodontal disease. The periodontal diseases treatment focuses primarily on the reduction of the microorganism count thus antimicrobials agents has been used as an adjunct to conventional therapy. Multi-drug resistance within the treatment of infectious diseases is a growing problem and also the widespread use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has created antibiotic resistance for several human microorganisms. Recently, nanoparticles have significant attention for medical applications because of their antimicrobial effectiveness. Gold nanoparticles (Au Nps) were considered as potential agent to control oral bacterial infection because of its optimal antibacterial activity and non-acute cytotoxic effects on human cells. In this study, gold Nps with average particles size (43 nm) will be use. The objective of this study is to investigate the antibacterial effect of gold nanoparticles against Streptococcus mitis in dental plaque. Materials and Methods: The first step of present study was tacking aerobic and anaerobic plaque samples from 10 patients with periodontal disease. Second step was morphological and microscopicale examination in addition to the biochemical tests and vatic 2 machines were used to confirm identification of Streptococcus mitis. The next steps were synthesis of gold nanoparticles by chemical method (seed growth method) and testing its characterization. Finally test the potential antimicrobial effect of gold nanoparticles on Streptococcus mitis. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation, LSD were done for the analysis of MIC of (gold nanoparticles) against (Streptococcus mitis Bacteria). Significance of all the statistical tests were determined at p<0.05 using SPSS (Statistical Package for SocialScience) version 22 software. Results: The gold NP in (100 ppm) concentration has the same antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mitis, and there is no significant difference between them, (p>0.05). Conclusions: Gold nanoparticles were effective against Streptococcus mitis similarly to chlorhexidine when it was used in high concentration as antimicrobial agent. Key words: Antibacterial, Chlorhexidine, Streptococcus mitis, Gold nanoparticles

ABSTRACT This research aimed to determine the relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and maxillary sinus floor (MSF), as well as the impact of nearby tooth loss on the space between MSF and posterior maxillary roots. A number of 120 digital panoramic radiographs were obtained from the archives of several clinics in Al-Najaf, Iraq, with the overall teeth examined in these radiographs including 236 of the 1st premolars, 227 of the 2nd premolars, 227 of the 1st molars, and 231 of the 2nd molars, from the right and left sides. The distances between the apices of the teeth and the maxillary sinus were determined. There are three categories of relationships between upper posterior teeth roots and MSF. These include type Os (root apex exists below or outside MSF), Type Co (root apex in contact with the MSF), and Type Is (root apex above or inside MSF). Type Os is the most encountered among premolars, Type Co is mostly encountered among the 2nd molars, and Type Is, in the 1st and 2nd molars. The study finds no correlation between age, gender, and the distribution of maxillary posterior tooth roots attached to the MSF. The first premolars were the furthest from MS, while the first molars were the closest. The most frequent link between maxillary molar roots and the MS was the Co-relation for the 2nd maxillary molar and the Is relation for the 1st maxillary molar. There is a non-significant decrease in the distance between the apices of the 1st maxillary premolar, 2nd maxillary premolar, and 1st maxillary molar and the MS before and after extraction. KEYWORDS: panoramic radiography, floor of maxillary sinus, upper posterior teeth ABBREVIATIONS: MSF: Maxillary Sinus Floor; MS: Maxillary Sinus; Co: Root in contact with sinus floor; Is: Root inside the sinus; Os: Root outside the sinus INT

ABSTRACT This research aimed to determine the relationship between the maxillary posterior teeth and maxillary sinus floor (MSF), as well as the impact of nearby tooth loss on the space between MSF and posterior maxillary roots. A number of 120 digital panoramic radiographs were obtained from the archives of several clinics in Al-Najaf, Iraq, with the overall teeth examined in these radiographs including 236 of the 1st premolars, 227 of the 2nd premolars, 227 of the 1st molars, and 231 of the 2nd molars, from the right and left sides. The distances between the apices of the teeth and the maxillary sinus were determined. There are three categories of relationships between upper posterior teeth roots and MSF. These include type Os (root apex exists below or outside MSF), Type Co (root apex in contact with the MSF), and Type Is (root apex above or inside MSF). Type Os is the most encountered among premolars, Type Co is mostly encountered among the 2nd molars, and Type Is, in the 1st and 2nd molars. The study finds no correlation between age, gender, and the distribution of maxillary posterior tooth roots attached to the MSF. The first premolars were the furthest from MS, while the first molars were the closest. The most frequent link between maxillary molar roots and the MS was the Co-relation for the 2nd maxillary molar and the Is relation for the 1st maxillary molar. There is a non-significant decrease in the distance between the apices of the 1st maxillary premolar, 2nd maxillary premolar, and 1st maxillary molar and the MS before and after extraction. KEYWORDS: panoramic radiography, floor of maxillary sinus, upper posterior teeth ABBREVIATIONS: MSF: Maxillary Sinus Floor; MS: Maxillary Sinus; Co: Root in contact with sinus floor; Is: Root inside the sinus; Os: Root outside the sinus INT