husham romeel metaeb alshurmany

Abstract. This study aimed to determine the effect of some filtrate of bio-fungi (Trichoderma harzianum, T. asperelloides, Beauveria bassiana and Penicillium sp.) in controlling the twospot spider mite that infects eggplant. Fungi filtrates have been tested against all roles of the red mite (eggs, larvae, nymphs and adults). The results showed that T. harzianum was the most effective among other fungi in controlling T. urticae, recording the lowest egg hatching of 55.42% and the highest mortality rate for motile instars, which reached 69.37 60.04 and 62.33 for larvae, nymphs and adults, respectively, with a significant difference from the fungi. T. asperelloides, B. bassiana, and Penicillium sp. respectively. As for the concentration of the filtrate, in general, the efficiency of the filtrate increased with increasing concentration. The concentration of 100% recorded the highest reduction in the number of hatched eggs with a hatching rate of 59.33% and an increase of the dead individuals with mortality rates of 60.00, 55.37 and 51.58% for larvae, nymphs and adults, respectively, compared to concentration 25%, which led to a hatching rate of 79.67% and significantly less mortality for all stages.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of some types of vegetable oils with different concentrations in affecting the phases of red mites with two spots. The results showed that the level of the effect differed according to the type of vegetable oil, as well as the effect of the concentration used was clear. With regard to the effect of oils on oyster eggs, the highest effect was in the treatment of olive oil, which recorded the lowest hatchability rate of 0.00%, followed by cannabis oil with hatchability of 1.67%, then clove oil, which recorded hatchability rates of 21.25% and 24.17 at concentration 2 and 5%, respectively. The best results were when treating olive oil compared with other oils, which led to the highest mortality rate of 96.05, 97.70 and 97.17% on all motile stages (larvae, nymphs and adults), respectively, while clove oil recorded the lowest mite mortality with values of 91.53 and 86. 16 and 84.44%, respectively. In general, it was found that the increase in the concentrations of vegetable oils corresponded to an increase in the mortality rate of the mobile phases, as the higher concentration (5%) led to the highest mortality rates for all the mobile phases with significant differences from the other concentrations.

Abstract. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Rhizoctonia solani by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with the presence of the ITS1 and ITS4 primer pair. The study was also carried out to investigate the efficacy of rice husk compost fortified with the bio-control agent, T. harzianum for the resistance of wheat seeds to the pathogenic fungus, R. solani, and to evaluate the effect of the compost on wheat germination and seedling, and irrigation water usage. The results showed that the highest germination rate which was found to be 100% was achieved with the T.h.+S treatment while the lowest germination was 93.3% with both the T.h.+RHC+S and R.s.+RHC+S treatments compared to germination of 96.6% with the control treatment. The RHC+S treatment resulted in the highest percentage of rotting seeds which was 10% while the lowest percentage of rotting seeds which reached 0% was achieved with the T.h.+S treatment. The results also showed that with R.s.+RHC+S and T.h.+RHC+S treatments, the highest shoot length at 21 post-planting days was achieved which was found to be 1.3 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively compared to other treatments including the control. Regarding fresh and dry weights, treatments with RHC had significantly much higher fresh and dry weights than all other treatments. It was clear from the experimental results that the highest number of branches/plant was recorded in the treatment of T.h.+RHC+S that was 5.3 followed by RHC+S treatment with 4.6 while the lowest number of branches/ plant was recorded in the control treatment which was only 1.8. Amount of water used for irrigation in treatments of T.h.+RHC+S and R.s.+RHC+S was reduced to be 233.33 compared to 600.00 in the control treatments. The highest chlorophyll content was 2.4 and was recorded in the treatment of R.s.+RHC+S with a significant difference from all other treatments. The T.h.+S treatment gave the lowest chlorophyll content. In fact, treatments that incorporated RHC had always higher values of plant total chlorophyll contents. Earliest flowering was achieved with the RHC+S treatment while the R.s.+S treatment resulted in the latest flowering.

Abstract The study was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa from March to August 2018 to detect the ability of Aspergillus flavus isolates to produce aflatoxin B1 and to determine the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus in reducing of Aflatoxin B1 produced by A. flavus. The results showed presente of three species of fungi including A. flavus, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spp. It was found that there was a significant domunion of A. flavus followed by A.niger and Penicillium spp. Their frequency rates were 63.88%, 22.22% and 13.88%, respectively. However, appearance rates of these isolates were 70%, 40% and 20%, respectively. Ammonia detection test showed that there were 15 out of 23 isolates of A. flavus have ability to produce Aflatoxin B1, with a rate of 65.21%. However, layer chromatography (TLC) test showed only 10 out of 23 isolates of A. flavus were able to produce Aflatoxin B1, with a rate of 43.47%. The present results also showed that adding of P. ostreatus significantly affected the logarithmic number of A. flavus spores which was 5.74 (5.6 x 105 spore / g) in the treatment of 5 ml A. flavus + 15 g P. ostreatus. In addition, P. ostreatus has capacity to reduce the Aflatoxin B1 produced by A. flavus. Spectrophotometer results showed that the treatments of 5 ml A. flavus + 15 g P.ostreatus, 10 ml A. flavus + 15 g P.ostreatusand 15 ml A. flavus + 15 g P.ostreatus significantly reduced the percentage of produced Aflatoxin B1 (84.5%, 84.4%, 88.3%), compared to the treatment of A. flavus + 10 g P.ostreatus which gave about 69.8% reduction rate.

Abstract The objective of this study was to explore and diagnose the mycotoxic from apple in order to decreases their toxic effects. The results showed the two species of fungi which included , Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus stolonifer. It was found that there was a significant appearance of A. niger, followed by Rhizopus stolonifer. With a frequency of 84.21% and 15.79% respectively, while the rate Percentage of appearance was 100% and 37.5%, respectively. . The results of chemical analysis of TLC showed that 5 isolates out of the16 tested isolates of A. niger wrer a produced of Ochratoxin A with a production rate of 31.25%. The results also showed that Pleurotus ostreatus was high resistance against A. niger the nutritional medium Potato Sucrose Agar , Where covered the entire area of the dish and were not allowed to A. niger to grow, and showed a degree of contrast (1). The results showed that Pleurotus ostreatus was in high efficient reducting the Ochratoxin A, which was produced by A. niger. The efficiency of the reduction in the Spectrophotometer was varied with the treatment of nine and six tablets of the fungus 100 ml-1 of the PD medium significantly in the reduction of 74.75% Respectively, compared to the treatment of three tablets of the fungus 100 ml -1 from the center of PD with reduction rate of 61.90%.

هدفت الدراسة الى اختبارتأثيركل من المعزز الحيوي العراقي Iraqi probiotics وعوامل المقاومة الاحيائية Trichoderma harzianum والبكتريا Pseudomonas floursecens بالأضافة الى السمادالعضوي ضد الفطرالممرض Rhizoctonia solani المسبب لتعفن نبات الباميا. بينت نتائج التجارب الحقلية الى تفوق معاملة الـ IPB + P.f في جميع الصفات المدروسة حيث سجلت اعلى نسبة انبات لبذورالباميا بمعدل انبات 97.75% والتي بدورها تفوقت معنويا على جميع المعاملات الاخرى المتمثلة بمعاملة المبيد والـ T.h والـ P.f والمعززالحيوي و الـ IPB + T.h و الـ IPB+ P.f و الـ T.h+P.f حيث اعطت 89.50 و 88.25و86.25 و91.50 و 93.33و97.75 و%92.13 على التوالي, بالاضافة الى معاملة السيطرة التي بلغت نسبة انباتها 59.42% , وقد تفوقت معاملة المعززالحيوي الـ IPB على عوامل المقاومة الحيوية لوحدها وبفروق معنوية إذ اعطت نسبة انبات 91.50% مقارنة مع معاملة الـ T.h و الـ P.f التي اعطت 88.28 و86.25% على التوالي , بالنسبة للسمادالعضوي حيث اعطت التربة المسمدة نسبة انبات 88.96% مقارنة مع غيرالمسمدة التي سجلت 85.04% اعطت معاملة الـ IPB + P.f اعلى نسبة كلوروفيل حيث بلغت % 2.45 والتي تختلف مع جميع معاملات التجربة معنويا بأستثناء معاملة الـ IPB+T.h ومعاملة الـ IPB بنسبة 2.36 و2.33 % على التوالي.وأن اقل نسبة كلوروفيل سجلت في معاملة السيطرة التي اعطت 0.71 , وقد تفوقت معاملة المعززالحيوي الـ IPB على عوامل المقاومة الحيوية لوحدها وبفروق معنوية إذ اعطت نسبة كلوروفيل 2.36 مقارنة مع معاملة الـ T.h و الـ P.f التي اعطت 2.03 و1.92على التوالي, اما بالنسبة لحالة التداخل بين المعاملات والاضافات فقد تفوقت نفس المعاملة بكل اضافاتها معنويا مع بعض المعاملات حيث اعطت 2.66 و2.29 و% 2.41 على التوالي وايضا تفوقت على معاملة السيطرة بكل اضافاتها حيث اعطت للمقارنة 1.28 وللفطرالممرض R.solani 0.00 ولسماد اليوريا 0.85% , بالنسبة للسماد العضوي فقد تفوقت التربة المسمدة في نسبة الكلوروفيل اذ اعطت 2.09 مقارنة بغيرالمسمدة التي سجلت 1.67, أما بالنسبة للأنتاج حيث سجلت معاملة الـ IPB+P.f اعلى معدل لوزن القرون اذبلغت 30.83غم وبفروق معنوية كبيرة مع معاملة السيطرة التي اعطت 8.38 غم. و قد تفوقت معاملة المعززالحيوي الـ IPB لوحده على عوامل المقاومة الحيوية لوحدها وبفروق معنوية إذ بلغت معاملة المعززالحيوي 19.29 غم مقارنة مع معاملة الـ T.h و الـ P.f التي اعطت 15.88 و16.00غم على التوالي. اما في حالة تداخل المعاملات مع الاضافات فقد تفوقت ايضا هذه المعاملة بكل اضافاتها معنويا مع عدد من معاملات التجربة حيث اعطت للمقارنة 33.88 وللفطرالممرض R.solani 31.44ولسماد اليوريا 26.88غم والتي بدورها اختلفت معنويا مع معاملة السيطرة بكل اضافاتها حيث اعطت 7.07 و2.79 و 18.13غم على التوالي , بالنسبة للسماد العضوي فقد تفوقت التربة المسمدة عضوياٌ في الانتاج حيث بلغت 22.26 غم قياسا بغيرالمسمدة التي اعطت 13.07غم/ نبات.