أ.د.هيام ناجي هادي الخفاجي

The software package code for interacting boson model-1 and Neutron Proton Boson code for interacting boson model-2 have been used to calculate energy levels for, for by estimating a set of parameters which are used to predict the behavior of even-even isotones within the current scope of work there is clear competition between the two parameters ( and ) in isotones, as an inverse relationship. This means that vibrational qualities are continuous mixed with the rotational properties. In interacting boson model-2 parameters( and have been shown similarity with interacting boson model-1 expected. The Majorana parameter effect ( ) on the calculated excitation energy level for isotones has been accomplished by vary the around the optimum-matches to practical data. The effect of increasing on mixing symmetry states is the same in all isotones but different from state to another, we find the state was the lowest mixing symmetry states still approximately constant in the all. In that time,isotones have mixed symmetry states, rapidly increasing with increasing . The results of the calculated energy levels were in acceptable agreement with the experimental data. There is no pure vibrational property of these isotones

To study the radiation transfer factor TFs of agricultural crops in the Al-Hussainiya area - Karbala, Iraq. an amount of 30 sample has been collected from different locations (randomly distribution ) of the Al-Hussainiya area, including (15plant samples and 15 soil samples) for three samples of agricultural crops (Eggplant, Okra, Common pea). The natural radioactivity of the (_^238)U, (_^232)Th and (_^40)K isotopes were measured by a gamma-ray spectroscopy with scintillation detector NaI (TI) 〖(3〗^''×3^'') from ORTEC with an efficiency of (4.6) at energy (662 keV) and energy resolution (7.9)%. The specific activity of (_^238)U, (_^232)Th and(_^40)K, have been measured, in which radiation Transfer Factor TF of (_^238)U, (_^232)Th and(_^40)K, The radium equivalent Ra_eq, gamma radiation reprehensive level index I_γ, external hazard index H_ex and internal hazard index H_in all have been measured. It was found that the highest rate of the(_^238)U specific activity was in the Okra plant sample, where it reached 17.896±2.020 Bq.kg^(-1), and the sample of the soil was 24.520±1.563 Bq.kg^(-1). The specific activity of (_^232)Th in the common pea plant sample was 10.959 ± 1.519 Bq.kg^(-1) while the soil sample was 12.86±0.944 Bq.kg^(-1). The specific activity of (_^40)K in the eggplant plant sample reached to 274.583 ±7.583 Bq.kg^(-1) and in soil sample was 324.40±15.811 Bq.kg^(-1). Radiation Transfer Factor TF of (_^238)U was the highest rate in the eggplant samples, in which it reached 0.885, (_^232)Th TF was the highest in the common pea samples, which reached 0.847, and (_^40)K TF was the highest rate in the eggplant samples where it was 0.855.The radium equivalent Ra_eq, where the highest rate for the plant in the common pea samples it was 48.856 Bq.kg^(-1). The gamma radiation reprehensive level index I_γ was the highest rate for the plant in the common pea samples; it was 0.369 Bq.kg^(-1). The external hazard index H_ex was the highest rate for the plant in the common pea sample 0.131 Bq.kg^(-1) while for the Internal hazard index H_in the highest rate was in the okra plant sample where it was 0.180 Bq.kg^(-1). The obtained results for the selected samples were within the acceptable worldwide limit. The radiation transfer factor TFs for the three types of plants was almost the same

The radioactivity of the dissected earth formations of Tar Al-Najaf in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate has been studied, which is considered one of the most important archaeological areas in the province, as Tar Al-Najaf is one of the natural phenomena prominently present in the governorate; it cuts sharply to form a rocky cliff, as well as overlooks from the southern end of a plateau Al-Najaf and on the sea of Al-Najaf, in a clear and surprising way, Al-Najaf flew, by selecting 50 sites to take samples from the region. Spectral measurements were made using a thallium-activated sodium iodide detector

The interacting boson models, and were used to perform a complete study of even–even 160-168 Yb isotopes. The low–lying positive parity states, dynamic symmetries, reduced electric quadrupole transition probability, quadruple momentum, and potential energy surface for 160-168 Yb were investigated. Energy level sequences and energy ratios showed the gradual transition of the properties of these nuclei from the γ-unstable features to the rotational features. Adding the pairing parameter to Hamiltonian had a very slight effect on this feature, but it raised the β band, since it represents symmetry breaking such as in γ-unstable features. This applies to the experimental decay scheme of 160-168 Yb isotopes. In, proton and neutron quadruple deformation parameters and showed values equal to-1.24 and approximately 0.7, respectively, which supports the same idea in the interacting boson model. A contour plot of the potential energy surface for 160-168 Yb isotopes showed that the minimum potential occurs at approximately

low-lying positive parity states, dynamic symmetries, mixed symmetry states (MSS), reducing electric quadrupole transition probabilities B (E2), branching ratio, reducing magnetic dipole transition probabilities B (M1), and mixing ratios δ (E2/M1) for 170-178 Yb have been investigated by applied IBM-1 and IBM-2 program package. The software package IBM-1 and IBMT computer code for IBM-1 and Neutron Proton Boson NPBOS and Neutron Proton Boson Electromagnetic NPBEM software package have been used. The Ytterbium nuclei with the (170− 178) mass number considered as rotational nuclei after applying the first and second interacting boson model with studying dynamic symmetry and energy ratios , and that approximated to (3.33, 7 and 12). The reducing transition probability for electric quadruple B (E2) and branching ratios that state the small values of the ratios R'and R''as having …

Interacting boson model (IBM–1 and IBM–2) have been used to perform a whole studying for isotopes. The low lying positive party states, dynamic symmetries, mixed symmetry states MSS, reducing electric quadruple transition probabilities B (E2), branching ratio, quadruple momentum , reducing magnetic dipole transition probability B (M1), mixing ratio δ (E2/M1), reducing electric monopole transition probability B (E0), and X (E0/E2) ratio have been investigated. U (5) features are the dominant in with addition of a 2 small effect of parameter started from to isotopes, energy ratios show that isotopes as the nearest isotopes to typical vibrational limit while isotopes tend towards the rotational region that lied on U (5)-SU (3), leg of" Casten's triangle". Spin and party for many energy levels and electromagnetic transition probability are confirmed. The mixing symmetry states in isotopes …

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