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Abstract. This study was conducted to isolate and identify Trichoderma harzianum Rifai and Rhizoctonia solani by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with the presence of the ITS1 and ITS4 primer pair. The study was also carried out to investigate the efficacy of rice husk compost fortified with the bio-control agent, T. harzianum for the resistance of wheat seeds to the pathogenic fungus, R. solani, and to evaluate the effect of the compost on wheat germination and seedling, and irrigation water usage. The results showed that the highest germination rate which was found to be 100% was achieved with the T.h.+S treatment while the lowest germination was 93.3% with both the T.h.+RHC+S and R.s.+RHC+S treatments compared to germination of 96.6% with the control treatment. The RHC+S treatment resulted in the highest percentage of rotting seeds which was 10% while the lowest percentage of rotting seeds which reached 0% was achieved with the T.h.+S treatment. The results also showed that with R.s.+RHC+S and T.h.+RHC+S treatments, the highest shoot length at 21 post-planting days was achieved which was found to be 1.3 cm and 1.2 cm, respectively compared to other treatments including the control. Regarding fresh and dry weights, treatments with RHC had significantly much higher fresh and dry weights than all other treatments. It was clear from the experimental results that the highest number of branches/plant was recorded in the treatment of T.h.+RHC+S that was 5.3 followed by RHC+S treatment with 4.6 while the lowest number of branches/ plant was recorded in the control treatment which was only 1.8. Amount of water used for irrigation in treatments of T.h.+RHC+S and R.s.+RHC+S was reduced to be 233.33 compared to 600.00 in the control treatments. The highest chlorophyll content was 2.4 and was recorded in the treatment of R.s.+RHC+S with a significant difference from all other treatments. The T.h.+S treatment gave the lowest chlorophyll content. In fact, treatments that incorporated RHC had always higher values of plant total chlorophyll contents. Earliest flowering was achieved with the RHC+S treatment while the R.s.+S treatment resulted in the latest flowering.

Abstract The study was conducted in the laboratory of insects, Faculty of Agriculture / University of Kufa for the period from 15/2 to 1/6/2019 to study the effect of cement kiln dust brought from Kufa cement factory at four concentrations (1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25 g / 100 g) on two storage insect pests, khapra beetles Thaboderma granarium and sawtoothed grain beetles Oryzaephilus surinemensis infecting stored wheat grains. The results showed that all of the concentrations (1.00, 0.75, 0.50 g / 100 g) treatments except the lowest (0.25 g/100g grain) resulted indicated in significantly higher numbers of dead larvae and adults of khapra beetles than the lowest concentration (0.25 g / 100 g) treatment and the control treatment where the last did not result in any insect death even after 60 days post treatment DPT. The results showed significant differences between the intervals after treatment (20, 40, 60 days). The 60 DPT was sufficient to kill over 90% of khapra larvae and adults. In the case of sawtoothed grain beetles, all the concentrations of cement kiln dust resulted in the death of all young adults used in the study at 7 DPT. Control did not record any insect mortality comparing with the concentrations' treatments after same period. Based on seed germination tests, the results showed that cement kiln dust did not affect wheat seeds' vitality if used for crop cultivation. The results of the sensory evaluation of the cake prepared with flour of treated wheat compared to that prepared with natural (untreated) wheat showed no significant differences (P≤0.05). Sensory characteristics and profiles of the cake of treated wheat including shape regularity, grain quality, crust softness, slice uniformity, slice softness, crumb uniformity, crumb color, taste and aroma, and overall acceptability were very similar in case of cake prepared with untreated wheat flour.

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ABSTRACT The insecticidal activity of two types of silica (normal or coarse [CS] [150mm] and nano-silica particles [NSPs] [35 nm]) was determined using Callosobruchus chinensis (L) as the test insect. When the unsexed adults were exposed to broad bean seeds admixed with different concentrations of both tested silica (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/100 g seeds) for different periods (48, 96, 144 and 192 hrs), it was found that NPS had more insecticidal activity against the bruchid beetle C. chinensis. Moreover, it was found that as the exposure time and concentration increased, the mortality of the adults increased. For each concentration of the tested silica with different exposure time, the LT50 of the bioassay tests showed that the calculated LT50 values of NSPs (83.44, 72.23 and 67.52 hrs) were less than those of CS (140.00, 131.44 and 120.15 hrs at the three tested concentrations of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/100g seeds, respectively). Therefore NSPs are more biologically active than CS against C. Chinensis. The adults survived treatment were left in the same bioassay jars to reproduce the first generation (F1 ) to determine the delayed effect of such tested concentration of both silica types. The results showed that there were no emerged adult insects at the concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 g NSPs /100 g broad bean seeds. The numbers of the emerged insects after treatment with coarse silica was decreased as the concentration increased giving a range of emerged adults of 2.3-10.0 as compared with untreated check (control), which produced 24.7 adults. The pattern of picking-up silica particles of both tested silica types was also illustrated showing more pick-up of particles in case of using NSPs concentrations. Nano-silica particles (NSPs) were found to be effective against the bruchid beetle C. chinensis and could be effectively used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program for C. chinesis and for other stored grain insect- pests.