Hayder Hussein Abbas Abed

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been widely studied in recent decades due to their nano-medicine applications based on the physiological and biochemical agents that an often added as a food supplement in animal diets. This study aimed to synthesize, and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles using crude extract of Ziziphus-Spina Christi leaves and then investigated its protective effects against renal failure induced by adenine in male rats. Thirty-six male rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups and given adenine (100 mg/kg.BW) daily for thirty days. At the end of 30 days, blood and tissue samples were collected to evaluate kidney functions, antioxidant status, and histological changes. The UV-visible spectrum showed a strong absorption peak at 362 nm, which is specific to ZnO-NPs. Absorption peaks (400 and 500 cm-1) returned to Zn-O bonding in FT-IR spectroscopic investigation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the hexagonal wurtzite phase with an average crystal size calculated at 38.177 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that particles had a spherical shape and measured an average diameter of 43.35 nm. In lowest doses, ZnO-NPs and Ziziphus-Spina Christi leaves extract effectively reduced the rise in kidney function parameters and improved biochemical changes suggestive of renal failure (Creatinine, urea, uric acid). Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase levels were both increased while malondialdehyde (MDA) was dramatically decreased (CAT). In conclusion, the protective effects of ZnO-NPs and plant extract on ameliorating biochemical alterations were validated by histological tests.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) have a significant feature due to their uses in various fields including medicine, biosensors, food additives, and electronic materials. This study aimed to the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs using aqueous extract of Ziziphus-spina christi leaves (Sider) and evaluates its protective roles against liver disorders after adenine-exposed male rats. Thirty-six male rats (3 months in age and weighing 200 ± 5 g) were randomly divided into 6 equal groups as following: Control adenine, Ziziphus-spina christi, ZnO-NPs, adenine + Ziziphus-spina christi and adenine + ZnO-NPs for 30 days. At the end of 30 days, the activity of (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and nitric oxide (NO) were determined, as well as the liver histopathological alterations were investigated. Moreover, the body weight of all rats was measured over a week. The synthesized ZnO-NPs was characterized using several techniques. UV-Visible analysis showed a specific absorption peak at 362 nm. In Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) absorption bands of Zn-O stretching bonding showed between 400 and 500 cm−1. Their crystallinity, hexagonal shape, size, and the specific surface area for the dry ZnO-NPs were also determined using the techniques of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) respectively. Results showed significant decreases in ALT, AST and ALP in both groups adenine + Ziziphus-spina christi leaves extract and adenine + ZnO-NPs in comparison to the adenine group (p < 0.05), as well as significant increases in body weight. Significant decrease was also demonstrated in NO level associated with an increase in SOD, and GSH. Based on these results, it can be said that ZnO-NPs and Ziziphus-spina christi leaves effectively protect against adenine-induced liver disorders, these were confirmed by improvements marked in histological changes of liver tissue of rats. GRAPHICAL

Summary Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO‐NPs) have been widely studied in recent decades due to their nano medicine applications based on the physiological and biochemical agents often added as a food supplement in animal diets. This study aimed to synthesis and characterization of (ZnO‐NPs) by the biological method using the plant extract and then investigated its effects in adenine exposed male rats. Biosynthesized ZnO‐NPs were synthesized using the crude aqueous extract of Ziziphus spina christi leaves and zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O). The reaction medium was maintained with a temperature of 60 ◦C and a pH of 9. The change of color from yellow to brown indicates the production of ZnO NPs. The produced ZnO‐NPs were characterized using several techniques. Ultraviolet visible (UV Vis) spectrum showed the maximum peak at 362 nm, this was strong evidence for the forming of ZnO NPs. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT IR) spectrum revealed the appearance of absorption peaks between 400 and 500 cm 1 returned to Zn O bonding. X ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the hexagonal Wurtzite structure for nanoparticles with an average crystallite size was 38.177 nm. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that nanoparticles had a spherical shape and fell in the range of 35 45 nm in diameter, also the images of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the semispherical shape and these particles are in a highly agglomerated form with an average particle size was ranged at diameter: D1 (39.74 nm), D2 (42.25 nm), and D3 (48.19 nm). Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) displays a uniform surface with cone like grains covering the surface of ZnO NPs, and the surface roughness in the range of 42 to 45 nm. Thirty six male rats were used in this study and divided randomly into six equal groups (six rats each). Group I II received orally dimethyl sulfoxide (5% v/v/day) alone for 30 days and served as the control group, group--II administrated adenine orally (100 mg/Kg. Bw/day) for 30 days, group III received Ziziphus--spina christi leaves extract (10 mg/Kg. Bw/day) for 30 days, group--IV was administrated ZnO‐NPs (10 mg/Kg. Bw/day) for 30 days, group--V was co--administrated adenine (100 mg/Kg. Bw/day) plus Ziziphus--spina christi leaves extract (10 mg/Kg. Bw/day) for 30 days and the last group--VI received the adenine combined with ZnO‐NPs in the same previous doses for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, the kidney function tests (uric acid, urea, and creatinine) and liver function tests (alanine aminotransferase ALT, aspartate aminotransferase AST and alkaline phosphatase ALP) were determined. Antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT, total antioxidant capacity TAC, and reduced glutathione GSH) and oxidative stress (Malondialdehyde MDA and nitric oxide NO) were performed. Furthermore, histopathological alterations of kidney and liver tissues were investigated. In vivo of this study, the synthesized ZnO--NPs and Ziziphus--spina christi leaves extract at a dose (10 mg/Kg. Bw) were exhibited the potential effects against adenine--exposed male rats, these confirmed by ameliorative growth rats and the significant decreases in kidney and liver function parameters, uric acid, urea, creatinine, ALT, AST, and ALP in comparison to adenine exposed rats (P ≤ 0.05). Significant elevation was also demonstrated in antioxidants levels SOD, CAT, TAC, and GSH associated with depletion in oxidative stress MDA and NO in both treatment groups fifth and sixth when compared to adenine group rats. Moreover, there were improvements in the marked histological changes of the kidney and liver by comparing with the adenine group. In conclusion, Ziziphus--spina christi leaves extract and ZnO--NPs have ameliorative effects against adenine--exposed male rats, implying that they may be used safely against kidney and liver III damage, and no significant effects were observed in normal renal and hepatocyte tissues, indicating that they may be powerful antioxidant, anti--inflammatory, and antitoxic agents for biomedical applications.

Measurements of samples with an FT-IR device for postgraduate and undergraduate studies students and researchers at the University of Kufa and other Iraqi universities and providing scientific consultations to students and researchers in the field of specialization.