Hawraa Imad Taher Alhares

Abstract One of the most serious limiting factors to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) production in arid and semi-arid areas is drought stress. This paper has examined the elastic co-action of nano-ascorbic acid (nano-AsA) and green-synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) applied as a folaric acid on cowpea growth, physiology, and yield during varying irrigation regimes. The experiment was a field experiment that was performed during summer in the year 2024 in Najaf, Iraq and was split-plot in nature with three replications. Irrigation treatments included 50% (I₁), 60% (I₂), and 70% (I₃) depletion of available soil water, while foliar treatments consisted of distilled water (T₀), nano-AsA (50 mg L⁻¹; T₁), green-synthesized FeNPs (50 mg L⁻¹; T₂), and their combination (T₃). The FeNPs were synthesized through the green synthesis, which is environmentally friendly using the Moringa oleifera leaf extract, whereas the nano-AsA was synthesized by the ultrasonication. Findings revealed that the drought stress seriously diminished the height of plants, leaf area, number of pods and seeds per plant, dry biomass, and grain yield and increased proline content and activity of peroxidase. Application of nano-AsA and FeNPs (particularly their combination) alleviated the negative impact of drought through the promotion of antioxidant defenses, vegetative growth, and reproduction. Combined treatment (T 3) was always better than the individual application which led to delayed flowering, high biomass, and yield stability at stress levels. The results of the study indicate the possibility of combining nano-AsA and green-synthesized FeNPs as a new and greener approach to enhancing drought resistance and sustainable cowpea growth.

Citrus trifoliata rootstock production is critical for the successful establishment of citrus orchards because sapling vigor strongly influences orchard performance. An experiment was conducted under 50% shade to evaluate two factors: foliar application of nanoiron at three concentrations (0, 10, and 20 mg/L) and an organic amendment, spent mushroom extract (SME), applied via irrigation water at three concentrations (0, 50, and 100 ml/L), on the growth and nutrient status of C. trifoliata saplings. The combined treatment of nanoiron at 20 mg/L plus SME at 100 ml/L increased plant height by 130%, stem diameter by 180%, and branch number per plant by 350% over the control, along with concurrent increases in leaf area, chlorophyll content, and carbohydrate accumulation. Foliar application of nanoiron integrated with SME provides a long-lasting, sustainable nutrient source that markedly improves sapling health and growth. This integrated approach can be considered an effective and practical strategy for enhancing nursery management and supporting sustainable citrus production.

Abstract Anatomical characteristics are essential in determining the stress that affects plants. In addition, they provided a piece of evidence for environmental pollution. The increasing use of nanomaterials (EnNos) in industries, medicine, agriculture, and all fields. Nanomaterials also have many uses as a new science; they have toxic effects that have not been studied well. Therefore, this research was interested in recording recent studies on (EnNos) and their impact on the anatomical characteristics of plants. Moreover, the possibility of using anatomical characteristics as evidence of nano contamination (nanotoxicity) in plants comprises a crucial living component of the ecosystem. Studies on the effect of EnNos (carbon) on plant anatomy indicated that excess EnNos content affects the anatomical structure of the plant from the vital structures of the root, stem and leaves. Toxicological effect on xylem and phylum vessels from toxicological studies to date, Toxicological effects on EnNos of various kinds can be toxic if they are not bound to a substrate or freely circulating in living systems. Different types of EnNos, behavior, and plant capacity generate different paths. Moreover, different, or even conflicting, conclusions have been drawn from most studies on the interactions of EnNos with plants. Therefore, this paper comprehensively reviews studies on different types of carbon EnNos and their interactions with different plant species at the anatomical responses.

اجري البحث في مختبر زراعة الانسجة النباتية العائد لقسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق كلية الزراعة/ جامعة الكوفة لدراسة بعض التغيرات الحاصلة على كالس ثلاثة اصناف من العنب هي كمالي وحلواني وفرنسي اسود تحت الاجهاد الملحي من خلال استحداث الكالس وتنميته في وسط غذائي مزود بتراكيز مختلفة من ملح كلوريد الصوديوم هي (0 و 50 و 100 و 150 و 200) ملي مول لمدة اربعة اسابيع لدراسة تأثير ذلك في نموه. اظهرت النتائج ان للملوحة تأثير سلبي في معدل الوزن الطري والجاف للكالس ومعدل نموه ونسبة تضرر الاغشية الخلوية، اذ ازداد انخفاض معدلاتها مع زيادة التركيز واعطى التركيز 200 ملي مول NaCl اقل المعدلات مقارنة بالكالس النامي في وسط غذائي خالي من الملح. كما لوحظ وجود تأثير معنوي لاصناف العنب في مؤشرات نمو الكالس حيث تفوق كالس الصنف حلواني في اعطائه لاعلى معدل وزن طري للكالس واعلى معدل نمو نسبي واقل درجة تضرر للاغشية في حين اعطى كالس الصنف فرنسي اسود اعلى وزن جاف مقارنة بكالس صنف الكمالي الذي اعطى اقل المعدلات لمؤشرات النمو واعلى نسبة تضرر للاغشية الخلوية.