Hassan Falah Mohsin Fakhruldeen

The study offers an in-depth examination of the capabilities and output of renewable energy sources, specifically focusing on solar, wind, hydroelectric, and green hydrogen technologies, within 27 countries of the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK). The outcomes reveal significant strides in renewable energy production, with countries such as Austria, Belgium, and Germany leading in their respective sectors. Germany emerges as a frontrunner, with the highest total renewable energy production. The study also highlights the pivotal role of green hydrogen as an alternative fuel source, with Germany and France showcasing considerable production capacities. The relationship between electricity consumption and renewable energy potential indicates a trend towards countries with high energy demands leading the shift to renewable energy. Regional analysis uncovers areas such as Northern Sweden, Germany, and France as potential hubs for green electricity production due to their abundant renewable resources. The analysis identifies areas that have either an excess or shortage of renewable energy resources, highlighting the critical need for equilibrium between supply and demand. It emphasizes the advancements made by the EU and UK in shifting towards renewable energy sources and stresses the ongoing need for dedication to achieving sustainability objectives in energy.

Concerns about fire risk reduction and rescue tactics have been raised in light of recent incidents involving flammable cladding systems and fast fire spread in high-rise buildings worldwide. Thus, governments, engineers, and building designers should prioritize fire safety. During a fire event, an emergency evacuation system is indispensable in large buildings, which guides evacuees to exit gates as fast as possible by dynamic and safe routes. Evacuation plans should evaluate whether paths inside the structures are appropriate for evacuations, considering the building’s electric power, electric controls, energy usage, and fire/smoke protection. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) is emerging as a catalyst for creating and optimizing the supply and consumption of intelligent services to achieve an efficient system. Smart buildings use IoT sensors for monitoring indoor environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, luminosity, and air quality. This research proposes a new way for a smart building fire evacuation and control system based on the IoT to direct individuals along an evacuation route during fire incidents efficiently. This research utilizes a hybrid nature-inspired optimization approach, Emperor Penguin Colony, and Particle Swarm Optimization (EPC-PSO). The EPC algorithm is regulated by the penguins’ body heat radiation and spiral-like movement inside their colony. The behavior of emperor penguins improves the PSO algorithm for sooner convergences. The method also uses a particle idea of PSO to update the penguins’ positions. Experimental results showed that the proposed method was executed accurately and effectively by cost, energy consumption, and execution time-related challenges to ensure minimum life and resource causalities. The method has decreased the execution time and cost by 10.41% and 25% compared to other algorithms. Moreover, to achieve a sustainable system, the proposed method has decreased energy consumption by 11.90% compared to other algorithms.

Wireless millimetre-wave communication has been adopted in fifth-generation telecommunication due to its larger bandwidth, low interference, and higher resolutions. Despite these advantages, millimetre-wave communication faces many limitations due to path loss and blockages in the environment. In this paper, a spectral-efficient hybrid beamforming approach was proposed to increase network connectivity and performance, which involved several processes. A relay node was selected as a forwarder to connect a blocked user to a base station using the multi-objective Squirrel search optimization algorithm. Furthermore, the optimal base station was selected based on significant parameters for effective connectivity using the dynamic Shannon entropy-based Fuzzy VIKOR algorithm. Drone base stations were also deployed to improve the network coverage and quality of service. Furthermore, the connectivity of a drone base station was influenced by its positioning and altitude, which was controlled using the trust-region policy optimization algorithm. The selected base station executed hybrid beamforming based on an accurate channel state information prediction once the user equipment was directly or indirectly (i.e. via relay node or drone base station) connected to it. In particular, the bi-directional gated recurrent unit model was used to accurately predict the channel state information. MATLAB (R2017b) was used to simulate the proposed hybrid beamforming model and evaluate its performance metrics in terms of throughput, spectral efficiency, bit error rate, number of server users, and achievable rate. The robustness of our approach is validated under two scenarios with perfect and imperfect CSI. The obtained results were compared with the results of two previous studies, which showed that the proposed model achieved a significant performance improvement.