Hasan Mohammed Marhoon Al arbawee

Medicinal plants serve as a significant natural source of bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications. Among these, *Ginkgo* has garnered substantial scientific interest due to its diverse chemical composition and potential biological activities. This study aimed to identify the chemical constituents of a *Ginkgo* sample using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to evaluate its antioxidant activity via the DPPH free radical scavenging assay.GC-MS analysis enabled the identification of twelve chemical compounds with distinct chemical properties. Among the identified constituents, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol was detected with a peak area percentage of 4.28% and a spectral match quality of 93. Other identified compounds included methyl hex decanoate, methyl stearate, 3-tridecylphenol, unsaturated alkylphenols, di-n decyl sulfone, eicosane, siloxane derivatives, and an anthracene derivative. The antioxidant activity of the *Ginkgo* sample was evaluated at concentrations of 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL. An increase in free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) was observed with rising sample concentration; the percentage rose from 72.365% at a concentration of 0.12 mg/mL to 82.188% at 1 mg/mL, while the corresponding absorbance values decreased from 0.2895 to 0.1866. These results indicate that the analyzed Ginkgo sample exhibits significant antioxidant activity under the experimental conditions employed.

Imidazolium salts are of great interest due to their unique structure and applications in the biological field, stemming from their nitrogen-derived heterocyclic carbene (NHC) mineral composition. This article presents a method for synthesising two imidazolium salts (L- and FT IR spectroscopy, melting point analysis, and 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy were used to characterise the imidazolium salts and the two compounds). The formation of silver(I)-NHC compounds was confirmed by the disappearance of the characteristic C2-H acid proton signal in the 1H NMR spectra. Specific types of bacteria were used to study the antibacterial activity of compounds A and B. The results showed that the silver(I)-NHC compounds exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to the corresponding imidazolium salts. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic effect between the silver ion and the NHC ligand framework. These findings indicate that silver(I)–NHC complexes derived from imidazolium salts are promising candidates for further development as antibacterial agents.

ABSTRACT: New imidazolium salts have been prepared from methyl imidazole via nucleophilic substitution reactions using diverse alkyl and functional halides. These salts were subsequently used as precursor compounds for the preparation of nitrogen cyclic heterogeneous carbene complexes with silver (Ag–NHC) by reaction with silver oxide in methanol. The synthesized ligands and their corresponding metal complexes were characterized using several spectroscopic techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and nuclear magnetic resonance 13 (¹³C NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis (CHN). The spectral data confirmed the successful formation of bonds and the coordination of silver ions across the carbene carbon atom, as evidenced by the characteristic spectral changes and the disappearance of the C2–H proton signal of imidazolium upon complex formation. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated and compared. The results showed that silver(I) compounds with heterocyclic carbene (NHC) possessed remarkably enhanced antibacterial activity compared to their initial imidazolium salts counterparts. This remarkable improvement is attributed to the synergistic effect of silver coherence and stability provided by the heterocyclic carbeny bond framework. These results indicate that Ag–NHC compounds derived from imidazolium salts are a promising candidate for the development of novel antimicrobial agents.

Nanomaterials have garnered significant scientific attention due to their unique physical, chemical, optical, and electronic properties, which often surpass those of their bulk counterparts. These properties have enabled a wide range of applications across various fields, including electronics, biomedical sciences, environmental technologies, and renewable energy systems. This study provides a comprehensive overview of nanomaterials, including their classification, structural properties, and extraction methods, as well as top down and bottom-up fabrication approaches, with a particular focus on electronic synthesis methods. Furthermore, key characterisation techniques are discussed, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Special attention should be paid to metal oxide based nanomaterials, particularly TiO₂ and SnO₂ nanoparticles, due to their promising optical and electronic properties. Furthermore, the review highlights the role of nanomaterials in enhancing the efficiency of dye-sensitive sodium cells (DSSCs) and the viscosity of natural dyes, such as chlorophyll, and environmentally friendly pigments. This overview underscores the potential of nanomaterials in developing renewable energy technologies and the significant progress being made in the field of sustainable energy development.

ABSTRACT: Despite their discovery in the early nineteenth century, chalcone compounds have evolved and played a significant role in medical and industrial applications. The most important feature of these compounds is that they contain two active groups (C=O and C=C), which give high biological effectiveness to pharmaceutical compounds. In both their synthetic and natural forms, chalcones have demonstrated a variety of biological properties, including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, antimitotic, antimalarial, and antiviral properties. This review included preparation methods, cofactors used, chemical reactions, and biological applications for the last years.

In this research, some new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of dapsone, have been prepared. The first step includes the preparation of Azo derivative by reaction of dapsone with the 4-Aminoacetophenone to produce azo compounds (A), then, the amino group of dapsone is converted to a diazonium salt and reacted with sodium azide to obtain the compound (B) Then, Chalcones (D1-D3); has been prepared through the reaction of an aromatic ketone with different aldehydes. The second step involves the reaction of chalcones derivatives (D1-D3) with compound (B) in the presence of copper (I) to obtain a 1,2,3-triazoline compound (H5 – H7). Different spectroscopy methods, such as FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, were used to identify synthesized compounds. The potential antibacterial activity of the synthesized heterocyclic derivatives has been finally tested as a third stage, using two types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli).