حيدر عبد الحسن هادي ال كيم

We present code constructions for masking u partially stuck memory cells with q levels and correcting additional random errors. The results are achieved by combining the methods for masking and error correction for stuck cells in [1] with the masking-only results for partially stuck cells in [2]. We present two constructions for masking u <; q cells and error correction: one is general and based on a generator matrix of a specific form. The second construction uses cyclic codes and allows to efficiently bound the error-correction capability using the BCH bound. Furthermore, we extend the results to masking u ≥ q cells. For u > 1 and q > 2, all new constructions require less redundancy for masking partially stuck cells than previous work on stuck cells, which in turn can result in higher code rates at the same masking and error correction capability.

This paper introduces the generation five of the mobile systems (5G) utilizing of Femto cells in a single Macro cell of a 4G mobile network. By using three schedulers (Proportional Fair (PF) and its updated version Exponential PF (EXP/PF) besides Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF)), the suggested system has examined three sorts of traffics: Video, VoIP and Best Efforts BE. An enhancement on the overall system moving from 4G to 5G has been shown in the results by adding Femto cells to the main Macro cell. Data rate, packet loss ratio PLR, latency and radio resource allocation fairness are the main parameters that the overall system is judged based on. The simulation findings show that the overall system evaluation is as this: delay and PLR are degraded to decline towards 5G and data rate is boosted even while the number of the system�s users is increased. Moreover, fairness in allocating radio resources is also achieved proven through fairness index. So it is counted as one of the efficient methods to introduce the 5G environment where proven through the increment in the data rate, the breadth of the coverage and the reduction in the latency [1].

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is currently one of the fastest spreading telephone technologies. In recent years, VoIP has been widely used in wired and wireless networks because of its compatibility with and adoption in IEEE 802.11 devices. This technology works in the second layer of data link layer, and thus, is compatible with the carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance protocol (CSMA/CA), which works in IEEE 802.11 networks. The operation of this protocol depends on various algorithms, including the distributed coordination function (DCF) algorithm. This algorithm is governed by the transmission of packets at any time without considering the priorities of other stations. A collision of packets may occur when transmitting simultaneously with the rest of the stations. Another algorithm is the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA), which sets a priority when sending packets between stations. Thus, if more than one station is transmitting simultaneously, then one of the stations will have higher priority and the remaining stations in the transmitter will have to wait depending on the order of priority. Consequently, collisions do not occur. In this regard, EDCA is better than DCF. The parameters of these algorithms are modified to produce a new algorithm, called M_EDCA. The three algorithms are applied using a simulation program, i.e. OPNET. The final results are obtained, and the results of the new algorithm are compared with those of the existing algorithms. The best results are achieved using the new algorithm, and consequently, the best voice quality in transmission and reception, and the best performance and service in VoIP applications.

Future fit demand and flexible solutions combined with high quality of services that is what latest information technology by cloud computing stands for. In the last couple of years, many scientists and researchers have improved computing systems that result in it more users‘ friendly day by day from all perspectives. Nowadays, a computing system promises to fulfill maximum outcome using minimum efforts or resources from a user‘s point of view, and it comes from overcoming several technological eras like cluster computing, grid computing, etc. It is obvious that as more the technology advances, the complexity also increases in terms of privacy, security, and service quality. Recently business applications want services being delivered instantly. Pay-as-you-go is the latest trend for most of the business applications and to suit it precisely a process should be followed which might be the Service Level Agreement (SLA). In this paper, we started with defining cloud computing and how it defers from the traditional computing system. We also compile the format and parameters of estimating SLA for cloud computing in order to be benefited maximum from it in terms of users‘ as well as providers‘ perspectives.

his study suggests the best infrastructure network design based on the analysis of the performance and the type of protocol used. The infrastructure is built using Cisco components and Jaber Ibn Hayyan Medical University has been taken as case study for this purpose. The suggested network has the ability to address the common networks’s drawbacks happening in reliability, security, speed (throughput) and manageability. To show these issues, the project is implemented by employing the Virtual LAN (VLAN) concept, airfibre (Fiber performance over wireless links) ASA and OSPF. The chosen network design for Jaber Ibn Hayyan Medical University has been built based on the existence requirements in every campus according to the basic of the needs and future vision compared to standardization included in the Cisco design. The project uses VLAN to solve the broadcast and management problems. It also emulates airfibre concept to provide flexibility and cost effective method of connection that could be deployed as the main network branches connections or backup paths. In addition, the design compares the OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing protocol with RIP protocol to find the better network performance as experimented and illustrated in the study results study. This network is considered as an efficient and a affordable cost to build a campus network, specifically is customized for Jaber Ibn Hayyan Medical University. The reason is because the university is newly opened and it lacks the presence of such a type of fully-service data center network. All the outcomes and the design have been conducted using simulation platform provided by Cisco called Packet Tracer (PT)*. Moreover, for backbone parts of the suggested network, actual comparison tests are done utilizing University of Kufa current Cisco platform infrastructure for more accurate results.

The concept of usage of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is about improving the LTE system performance by increasing the capacity and coverage of the Macro cell. In this paper, a performance comparison of various packet scheduling algorithms such as Proportional Fair (PF), Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First (MLWDF) and Exponential/Proportional Fair (EXP/PF) is studied in detail in the HetNets environment. The key performance indicators such as throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR), delay and fairness are considered to judge the performance of the scheduling algorithms. Various strategies such as increasing the number of Pico cells in the cell edge were used in the simulation for the performance evaluation study. The results achieved through various simulations show that adding Pico cells to the existing Macros enhances the overall system performance in addition to the various scheduling algorithms implemented in Macros. For reader's convenience, various types of graphs have been used to represent the simulation results to better understand the performance metrics of various scheduling algorithms. Simulation results shows that overall system gain has increased because of adding Picos and thereby providing better coverage in the cell edge areas and thereby increasing the capacity of the network to provide better Quality of Service (QoS).

The LTE/LTE-A has become a catchphrase for research and lot of research are being conducted and carried out in LTE in various issues by various people. New tools are developed and introduced in the market to interpret the results of the new algorithms proposed by various people. Some tools are open access which are free to use but some tools are produced by the companies which are not open access. In this paper some of the open access simulation tools like LTE-Sim and NS-3 are analyzed and LTE downlink scheduler algorithms are simulated using those tools. In LTE systems, the downlink scheduler is an important component for radio resource management; hence in the context of LTE simulation, a study between the downlink scheduler models between the simulators are performed.

Two major challenges for evolving LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks are to achieve enhanced system capacity and cell coverage compared with WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system. Effective utilization of radio resources as well as dense spectrum reuse are at the core to attain these targets. However, dense frequency reuse may increase inter-cell interference, which in turn severely limits the capacity of users in the system. Inter-cell interference can restrict overall system performance in terms of throughput and spectral efficiency, especially for the users located at the cell edge area. Hence, careful management of inter-cell interferences becomes crucial to improve LTE system performance. In this paper, interference mitigation schemes for LTE downlink networks are investigated

This paper demonstrates the concept of using Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) to improve Long Term Evolution (LTE) system by introducing the LTE Advance (LTE-A). The type of HetNets that has been chosen for this study is Macro with Pico cells. Comparing the system performance with and without Pico cells has clearly illustrated using three well-known scheduling algorithms (Proportional Fair PF, Maximum Largest Weighted Delay First MLWDF and Exponential/Proportional Fair EXP/PF). The system is judged based on throughput, Packet Loss Ratio PLR, delay and fairness.. A simulation platform called LTE-Sim has been used to collect the data and produce the paper’s outcomes and graphs. The results prove that adding Pico cells enhances the overall system performance. From the simulation outcomes, the overall system performance is as follows: throughput is duplicated or tripled based on the number of users, the PLR is almost quartered, the delay is nearly reduced ten times (PF case) and changed to be a half (MLWDF/EXP cases), and the fairness stays closer to value of 1. It is considered an efficient and cost-effective way to increase the throughput, coverage and reduce the latency.

This report presents heterogeneous network (HetNets) in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) to introduce Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE-A). The evolution in the next generation of mobile network has been stated in this study using the Pico with Macro HetNets. Such networks are under what is so-called 4G technology that meets users’ aspirations in terms of data rate and system accessibility. LTE and LTE-A provide high speed access to the packet data rate; therefore, various devices such as notebook, IPods, smart phones, laptops, and cameras currently could be connected to the internet to work in their full features. Most recent networks depend on the functionality of enhanced base station to perform the complex operations; thereby, rely on Radio Resource Management (RRM) functionalities that is placed in enhanced Node B. RRM is demonstrated focusing on its functions such as packet scheduling and handover management. Taking the advantage of HetNets while utilizing of LTE-based operations such as Carrier Aggregation (CA), Multi-in Multi-out antenna MIMO and Cooperation Multipoint transmission and reception CoMP has been widely adopted by mobile operators since the cost of HetNets (adding small cells) is considerably accepted. This mixing of HetNets with LTE specific technologies improves spectral efficiency, enhances the system coverage and capacity, as well as minimizes the overall cost of the operating. More importantly, it is expected that it boosts the data rate to 1 Gbps in the downlink direction and 500 Mbps in the uplink direction and supports a speed of mobility up to 500 Km/h. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) target was obtaining 100 Mbps high peak data rate in the downlink and 50 Mbps in the uplink using the 20 MHz bandwidth of LTE system comparing with the previous systems. Due to the limited available radio resources, RRM performs packet scheduling to allocate resource fairly among instantaneous arrived users. The system performance is affected by the packet schedulers that play an essential role in the resource allocations. This study is based on three selected packet scheduling schemes that have been built in the used simulation platform. Real Time algorithms such Maximum-Largest Weighted Delay first (M-LWDF) algorithm and the exponential/proportional fair (EXP/PF) have been implemented. The Non-Real Time algorithm that is used is Proportional Fair (PF). The performance of these schemes is evaluated via the metric of the throughput, Packet Loss Ratio PLR (also called Packet Error Rate), delay (latency) and fairness index.

The corporation among telecom companies globally has led to increasing the needs to find complete telecommunication and networks solution. To apply these solutions and deploy new services, telecoms have adopted advanced technology such as IP/MPLS and that increasingly used is E-LAN. It can be defined as the multipoint connectivity, which connects a set of customer endpoints. The E-LAN offered on Carrier Ethernet (CE) has two types EP Virtual Private LAN (EVP-LAN). This project will focus on the management requirements of EP the ITU management standard TNM; which is used to manage e2e services and network components and its five functions: Faults, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security (FCAPS) Carrier Ethernet provides flexible bandwidth increments and the ability to add new services using one technology. The EP-LAN has widely used due to the ease of implement on Carrier Ethernet to link several customers’ endpoints simultaneously. It is a type of Ethernet virtual circuit (EVC classified as port-based service mainly to provide This service can be applied on many different types of infrastructures to give the same performance to their customers with slight differences. These infrastructures could be with MPLS shim header used over any Layer 1 transport or fiber (Layer 1 transport) or Ethernet over SONET/SDH (Ethernet encapsulated in ITU SONET/SDH virtual concatenation groups EP-LAN has noticeably increased, the demand to manage it has rapidly emerged. ITU-T TMN standard is likely to be the reference to any new management systems. Hence, the TMN design requirements and its functions (FCAPS) should be considered when designing management system to EP-LAN. The following tables show numbers of possible functions and operations that need to be managed in CE EP-LAN.

Carrier Ethernet services is frequently the best selection to meet the requirement of the customers who want more bandwidth and better service quality to meet their application needs. Microwave technology is increasingly used to provide Carrier Ethernet. The main advantages of Microwave based Ethernet solutions are: - Rapid deployment time - Cost effective when compared to other approaches - Offers throughput that rivals fiber for many applications - Mature carrier-grade solution The interfaces are inexpensive, standardized and enables subscribers to add bandwidth incrementally, if needed. Ethernet services offer a flexible method for enterprises and individuals to connect remote offices, suppliers and business partners with the QoS and reliability their applications require. All communication equipment in the telecommunication network supports some network functions. The elements can be configured to support data transmission channels. These channels allow the information to be switched and transmitted from one part of the network to any other part of the network. Again, the management capabilities are required to ensure that this information transmission is conducted in a controlled way, with a measurable quality, error detection and repair capability. In addition, the statistics of various kinds relating to the information transfer need to be collected, correlated, and reported to various entities such as operation control, monitoring, and administration systems. The telecommunication network must be able to provide services to the end customers, such as Data services or information services. These services are supported by the networks and their elements. Again, some operation systems are required to support different aspects of provision of services. The services have to be delivered and activated; any service faults and customer problems have to be detected, located, and resolved. The services have to be operating with a reasonable and measurable quality and the services have to be billable and paid for by the customers; therefore the accounting systems have to be deployed to generate bills for the network resource usage and any value-added service components. This requires all managements layer to do corporative work, starting from elements layer which collects all statistical data that used to calculate the overall network usage ending with service layer which generates the bills to the customers

This paper considers coding for so-called partially stuck (defect) memory cells. Such memory cells can only store partial information as some of their levels cannot be used fully due to, e.g., wearout. First, we present new constructions that are able to mask u partially stuck cells while correcting at the same time t random errors. The process of “masking” determines a word whose entries coincide with writable levels at the (partially) stuck cells. For and alphabet size , our new constructions improve upon the required redundancy of known constructions for , and require less redundancy for masking partially stuck cells than former works required for masking fully stuck cells (which cannot store any information). Second, we show that treating some of the partially stuck cells as erroneous cells can decrease the required redundancy for some parameters. Lastly, we derive Singleton-like, sphere-packing-like, and Gilbert–Varshamov-like bounds. Numerical comparisons state that our constructions match the Gilbert–Varshamov-like bounds for several code parameters, e.g., BCH codes that contain all-one word by our first construction.