فراس هادي وسن الحيدري

Different fungal pathogensthat cause rot root disease have a significant impact on cucumbers, which has a tremendous economic limitation onthe yield of this important vegetable crop. The current study aimsto examine the effect of cold aqueous extract of three plants (Acacia farnesiana,Myrtus communisand Nerium oleander) on theradial growth and the biomass of some pathogenic fungi (Rhizoctoniasolaniand Macrophominaphaseolina)with the presence of Trichoderma harzianumas a bio-control agent. Fungal pathogens were isolated from root parts of infected cucumber plants that were collected from different regions of Najaf province, while the bio-control fungus was obtainedfrom the Bio-control Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture -University of Kufa.Results of the currentstudy showed that 20%of the cold aqueous extract of M.communispowder was superior to the rest of the studied extracts in inhibiting the radial growth of studiedfungi, as the radial growth of R. solanireached 3.49cm, M. phaseolina3.02cm, and T. harzianum3.67cm. Thely apparent effect of the same extra extract on the growth of the fresh and dry biomass of the aforementioned fungi.The outcomes demonstrated that the 20%concentration of cold aqueous extract of M. communisalso increased the percentage of seed germination andthe fresh weight of cucumber plants.The cold aqueous extract of M. communisleaves and T. harzianumas a biological can be used ,to inhibit the growth of both pathogens of rot root disease, thus protecting cucumber seedlings and producinghealthy plants

Root rot fungal pathogens cause destructive diseases and threaten broad beans particularly in favorable environmental conditions. Experiments of current study were carried out to examine the efficiency of extracts of both cinnamon and thyme on the growth of pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina that cause root rot disease on broad beans in the presence of some biocontrol fungi namely Trichoderma harzianum 1, Trichoderma harzianum 2 and Paecilomyces. Results indicated that R. solani and M. phaseolina isolated from bean roots reduced broad beans seed germination by over 40% compared to the control treatment and other biocontrol fungi used in the study. Moreover, the severity of infection of broad bean plants by R. solani was higher than M. phaseolina. A comparison was made between the unsterilized and heat-sterilized powdered extracts for both cinnamon and thyme plants. The outcomes of the study showed that adding unsterilized and heat-sterilized cinnamon powder extract individually reduced the radial growth of both pathogenic and biocontrol fungi in Petri plates. Compared to the other studied fungi, the biocontrol fungus (Paecilomyces) was the most affected in terms of radial growth rate by the unsterilized and heat-sterilized cinnamon and thyme powder extracts. The radial growth of Paecilomyces in both heat-sterilized cinnamon and thyme powder extract treatments was 1.69 and 1.51 cm, and for the unsterilized extract, it was 1.69 and 1.73 cm, respectively. Results showed no significant differences between adding unsterilized and heat-sterilized cinnamon powder extract. However, the results indicated significant differences between adding unsterilized and heat-sterilized thyme powder extract. Furthermore, the results showed that the radial growth inhibition of fungi increased with increasing concentrations of extracts of both plants, whether unsterilized or heat-sterilized. The study proved that high temperatures did not significantly affect the effectiveness of powdered from both plants studied extracts against the pathogenic fungi.

Study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of some plant extracts of Ginger plant (Zingibar officinale) and Cinnamomum plant (Cinnamomum zylanicum) to protect orange fruits from Penicillium digitatum, that causes green mold disease, isolated from infected orange fruits located in local markets in Najaf Governorate, Iraq. The concentrations of Cinnamomum plant extract showed efficacy against pathogenic fungus compared to concentrations of ginger extract, the Cinnamomum plant extract in the concentrations of (10, 15 and 20 mg/ ml) inhibition of the fungi on Potato Dextrose Agar medium in Petri dishes, the diametrical growth rate of pathogen after 3 days of growth were (3.34, 3.74 and 3.6), respectively, compared to the concentration rate of 5 mg / ml and control treatment which gave (5.31 and 4.75) cm respectively. Cinnamomum plant extract also showed high inhibition efficiency in the growth of pathogenic P. digitatum, while the diametrical growth rate was 2.10 compared to the diametrical growth rate of fungus with the Ginger extract, which gave 6.16 cm. Results indicated all concentration of Cinnamomum extracts had led protection of orange fruits from infect with P. digitatum. Treatment of orange fruits soaked with Cinnamomum extracts (20 mg/ml) inoculated with sporulation suspension of P. digitatum (T6) was significantly affected by inhibiting the growth regions and the depth of infected fruits, it gave (1.60 and 0.73) cm respectively, compared to the treatment of T2 which gave the highest rate of growth regions and growth depth of the fungus P. digitatum reached (6.10 and 5.96) cm respectively.

اجريت هذه الدراسة في مختبرات كلية الزراعة ــ جامعة الكوفة لتقويم فاعلية تاثير رواشح بعض الفطريات المعزولة من مخلفات الرز على انبات بذور الحنطة ونمو الفطرينFusarium graminearum و Rhizoctonia solani وفطر المقاومة الحيوية Trichoderma harzianum. اظهرت النتائج ان راشح الفطر Penicillium gresiofulvum كان اكثر رواشح الفطريات المعزولة من مخلفات الرز اختزالا لنسبة انبات بذور الحنطة عند اختبار تاثيرها على ورق الترشيح المعقم واضافتها الى الوسط الغذائي P.D.A اذ بلغت 23.33 و 20.00 % على التوالي قياسا بالمقارنة التي كانت 95.00 % لكل منهم . ان راشح الفطر P. gresiofulvum ادى الى تقليل النمو القطري لفطر R. solani بعد 72 ساعة اذ بلغ 4.22 سم قياسا بالمقارنة والتي بلغت 9.00 سم ، وكذلك ادى راشح الفطر T. harzianum الى تقليل النمو القطري للفطرين P. nigricans و F. graminearumبعد 72 ساعة عند تنميتهما على الوسط المعامل براشح الفطر المذكور والذي بلغ 2.19 و2.84 سم على التوالي قياسا بنمو الفطرين المذكورين على الوسط غير المعامل براشح الفطر T.h واللذان بلغا 3.90 و 3.80 سم على التوالي

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