تمارا علاء حسين العبيدي

Background: Diabetic neuropathy affects 30–50% of patients with diabetes mellitus. It encompasses several neuropathic syndromes, the commonest being distal symmetrical polyneuropathy or ‘diabetic peripheral neuropathy’ (DPN). Risk factors for DPN include poor glycaemic control and drivers of macrovascular disease including hypertension.Objective: The study aimed to determination of insulin, glucagon levels in diabetic and diabetic neuropathy patient`s and compare the results with control group. Also, Insulin/Glu ratio calculated that may be used in early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.Subjects and Methods: ninety subjects were enrolled in this study with aged ranged (40-65) years and BMI with (30-35) Kg/m that divided into three groups as follows: group one (G1) consists of 30 healthy individuals as a control group, group two (G2) consists of 30 patients with diabetic and group three (G3) consists of 30 patients with diabetic and neuropathy as complication. ESC(Feet Mean), ESC(Hand Mean), ESC(Risk of neuropathies), FBS, insulin, Glucagon were determined. Also, HOMA-IR and insulin/Glu ratio were calculated.Results: The results of this study revealed highly significant differences in ESC (Feet Mean), ESC (Hand Mean) and ESC (Risk of neuropathies) between G2 and G3 comparing with G1 and in G3 comparing to G2. Results revealed a highly significant increased in FBS, insulin and HOMA-IR levels in G2 comparing to G1 and in G3 comparing to G2 and G1. Results, also, showed a high significant increased in glucagon levels in G2 and G3 comparing to G1 while no significant increased was found in G3 comparing to G2. Results, also, showed no significant reduction was found in In/Glu ratio in G2 comparing to G1, while a high significant elevation was observed in G3 comparing to G2 and G1.Conclusion: The conclusion could be drawn from this study that insulin and glucagon increased in patients with neurodiabetic when comparing to diabetic patients. Also, In/Glu ratio increased significantly in neurodiabetic patients when comparing to diabetic and control group that may be considered important marker in diagnosis of development of neuropathy risk.

Background: Neuropathy is a common disorder in DM patients which results from poor glycaemic control and long duration of diabetes. Higher body mass index, smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia are associated with the incidence of neuropathy. Objective: The aim of this study is to estimate glucagon like Peptide-1, DPP-4 and G-Protein coupled Receptor levels in diabetic and diabetic neuropathy and to compares the results with control group. Also, to find the correlation of GPCR with GLP-1 and DPP-4 in all studied groups.Subjects and Methods: ninety subjects were enrolled in this study with aged ranged (40-65) years and BMI with (30-35) Kg/m that divided into three groups as follows: group one (G1) consists of 30 healthy individuals as a control group, group two (G2) consists of 30 patients with diabetic and group three (G3) consists of 30 patients with diabetic and neuropathy as complication. ESC(Feet Mean), ESC(Hand Mean), ESC(Risk of neuropathies), HbA1C, GLP-1, DPP-4 and GPCR were determined.Results: The result showed highly significant elevation in HbA1C levels in patients groups comparing to control group. Results, also a highly significant elevation in GLP-1 and DPP-4 levels in G2 comparing to G1, and in G3 comparing to G2 and G1 were noticed. A highly significant elevation in GPCR levels in G2 comparing to G1and G3, while no significant increased noticed in G3 comparing to G2. A high significant positive correlation was found between GLP-1 and DPP-4 in G1, while highly significant negative correlation was found in G2 and G3. A high significant positive correlation was observed between GLP-1 and GPCR in G1. Moreover, No significant positive correlation was observed in G2, but a significant positive correlation was observed in G3. High significant negative correlation was found between GPCR and DPP-4 in G1 and G2, while a high significant positive correlation was found in G3. Conclusion: the conclusion is obtained from this study that GLP-1and GPCR have important role in development of neuro injury in neurodiabetic patients. Also, correlation was found between GPCR with GLP-1 and DPP-4.

Objective: To determined the levels of lipid profile (TC, TG, HDL-c, LDL-C, VLDL) in diabetic and diabetic neuropathy patients and compare the results with control group. Also, to compare Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) levels in these groups that may be predict prone of patients to cardiovascular disease. Methodology: Ninety subjects were enrolled in this study with aged ranged (40-65) years and BMI with (30-35) Kg/m that divided into three groups as follows: group one (G1) consists of 30 healthy individuals as a control group, group two (G2) consists of 30 patients with diabetes and group three (G3) consists of 30 patients with diabetes and neuropathy as complication. Electrochemical Skin Conductance (Feet Mean), Electrochemical Skin Conductance (Hand Mean), Electrochemical Skin Conductance (Risk of neuropathies), FBS, TC, TG and HDL-c were determined. Also, LDL-C, VLDL and AIP were calculated. Results: This study illustrated no significant increased were found in TC and LDL in G2 comparing to G1, while there was highly significant increase in TC and LDL in G2 comparing to G3 and in G3 comparing to G1. Results, also, revealed highly significant increase in TG and VLDL in G2 comparing to G1, G2 comparing to G3, and G3 comparing to G1. Data demonstrated highly significant decrease in HD L-c in G2 and G3 comparing to G1, while no significant decrease observed in G3 comparing to G2. Data, also, demonstrated highly significant increase in AIP levels in G2 and G3 comparing to G1, while no significant increased observed in G3 comparing to G2. Conclusion: The study concluded that AIP is elevated in diabetic and neurodiabetic patients who could be used as a marker for predict CVD in patients groups. Recommendation: Study the genetic analysis for wide range patients with diabetic, neurodiabetic and control as a comprehensive surrey.

Eruption is defined as the movement of the tooth from its site of development in alveolar bone to the occlusal plane in the oral cavity.The tooth eruption is a complex and tightly regulated process which is divided into five stages. The ABO blood group was discovered in 1900 by Austrian scientist, Karl Landsteiner. At present. The ABO blood group system consists of four antigens (A, B, O and AB). These antigens are known as oligosaccharide antigens, and widely expressed on the membranes of red cell and tissue cells as well as, in the saliva and body fluid. Seventy student of twenty years old, ), they were diagnosed for the lower wisdom tooth eruption and compared to their ABO group, so they divided in to 4 groups (O,A,B and AB groups) which subdivided in to 2 subgroups, erupted lower wisdom tooth(1) and unerupted lower wisdom tooth(2). Statistic analysis showed the correlation of the number, mean, standard deviation, stander error, lower and upper bounds, minimum and maximum values of data collected for both erupted and unerupted lower wisdom tooth. According to the ANOVA test(table 2) showed high significant difference between all groups (P<0.01) in the mean of case's number. Conclusion: there were no relationship between the blood grouping and the eruption of the lower wisdom tooth

Objectives : Design this study to determine whether there was a relationship between gingival diseases and ABO blood groups . Methods : Data were collected from 1 2 9 subjects who were randomly selected from students referred to the Faculty of Dentistry .The study based on periodontal condition, blood group, and medical history. The effects of blood subgroups on periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis were investigated separately. Results : In the present study, all the cases were first segregated into groups based on Loe and Silness index as: group I (mild (initial) gingivitis), group II (moderate( early) gingivitis), and group III (sever (established) gingivitis), and were further divided into four grades based on Ramfjord's Periodontal Index. Blood samples were analyzed to determine blood group and Rhesus factor. Conclusions : ABO blood subgroups and Rh factor may constitute a risk factor on the development of periodontal disease. However, long-term studies are needed to make a more comprehensive assessment of the effects of ABO group on periodontal diseases.

This study designs to study the effect Psoriasis disease on the concentration of some immunoglobulins in human. The study divided into two groups : psoriasis patients group including 20 Randomly individuals of both sexes with different ages. and control group , which also included 20 normal individual from healthy individuals not infected with any skin disease and were races and ages approach to psoriasis patients.The study included some tests of the immunological examination by measuring the concentrations of immunoglobulins IgG, IgM and IgA in both groups. The results indicated the presence of significant change (p < 0.05) a change in the mean level of immunoglobulins in samples infected as compared with a control. also found two phases of infection psoriasis, one active and represents the acute phase, and the other inactive and represents the phase chronic infection has been found a difference in concentration standard tests studied in both phases. Because after the active phase increasing the concentration of IgG and IgA. The inactive phase of the study to increase the concentration of IgM.

Objective: This study aims to estimate Resorcinol (3- hydroxy phenol). Methodology : The study was through the development of a simple and high sensitivity and selectivity to estimate Resorcinol (3- hydroxy phenol) and The method is based on the reaction of Resorcinol (3- hydroxyphenol) with Thiamine (Vitamin B ) and potassium Dichromate at pH 3.5. So The reactions gave an 1 intense water soluble color products that have maximum absorption at 510 nm. 4 -1 -1 Results: This study showed that the ε max for 3- hydroxy phenol is (0.145 Χ10 correlations (1-9 μg ml liter. Mol .cm ), A linear -1 ) for 3-hydroxyphenol compound was found between absorbance at λmax and concentration. The accurate (relative error was better than -0.2 %) and precise ( RSD was better than 1.2%). The colored product was found to be 1:1 (3-hydroxyphenol : Thiamine) . The stability constant of the reaction under 5 -1 optimized conditions at room temperature was 3.25 Χ10 L.mole . Recommendations: The study recommends the appointment of phenolic compounds or other phenolic derivatives are relying on this method any use of thiamine and oxidized worker himself (potassium dichromate). Key words: Thiamine, Resorcinol, potassium Dichromate, Spectrophotometry

This study was designed to state the ground stone of the role of the insulin as anti-inflammatory agent in different inflammation process. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from 150 subjects of which 50 patients with type 1 diabetes, 50 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 50 healthy individuals. All the blood samples were analyzed for F.B.S, HbA1c %, TP, albumin, ESR, CRP,and immunoglobulin alpha1-antitrypsine. The present study results detected an increase in F.B.S, and HbA1c % in sera of all patients of type 1 and type 2 compared for control. Total protein levels showed no alteration in sera of both patients groups compared for control. Decrease in albumin level was detected in sera of patient with type 2 group compared for patients with type 1 and control groups. The factors for diagnosis of any type of inflammatory process ESR, CRP, alpa1-antitrypsine were raised in patients with type 2 groups compared for patients with type 1 and control groups.